Anmerkungen zu Monbiot Hitze 2006
Einleitung: Gute Absichten
351-407
1) Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus, Norton & Co, New York 2005 (1604), S.20; deutsch: Die tragische Historie vom Doktor Faustus, Reclam, Stuttgart 1964, S.19
2) George Monbiot: »Climate Change: A Crisis of Collective Denial?«, Vorlesung von Professor David Hall, gehalten vor der Environmental Law Foundation at the Law Society, 4.5.2005. (Ein Manuskript steht zur Verfügung unter elflaw.org )
3) Ian McEwan: Saturday, Jonathan Cape, London 2005, S. 149f.; deutsch: Saturday, Diogenes, Zürich 2007.
4) Colin Forrest: »The Cutting Edge: Climate Science to April 2005«: climate-crisis.net
5) Energy Information Administration: International Energy Annual 2003, 2005, Table H.ICC02 (World Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaringof Fossil Fuels, 1980-2003): eia.doe.gov
6) Ibid.
7) Martha Buckley: »Bling Bling Merrily on High«, BBC News Online, 23. Dezember 2004: news.bbc.co.uk
8) Craig McLean: »The Importance of Being Earnest«, Guardian, 28. Mai 2005.
9) Ibid.
10) Bob Flowerdew: OrganicBible, Kyle Cathie Ltd, London 2003, S. 17.
11) Ibid., S. 178.
12) Bill Dunster Architects: »Zedupgrade: An Introduction to Refurbishment Systems for ExistingHomes«, ig. März 2005: zedfactory.com
13) The Windsave 1000 System: windsave.com
14) Derek Taylor: »Potential Outputs from 1-2 m Diameter Wind Turbines«, Building for a Future, Winter 2005/06, Sonderausgabe über Windenergie.
Die Angaben stammen aus einer Grafik und beziehen sich auf die erzeugte Elektrizität bei einer Windgeschwindigkeit von 4 Metern pro Sekunde im Jahresdurchschnitt. Der vorhergehende Artikel in derselben Ausgabe stammt von Nick Martin und erläutert, dass in bebauten Gebieten »wahrscheinlich nur sehr wenige Vorrichtungen eine durchschnittliche Geschwindigkeit von mehr als 4 Metern pro Sekunde erreichen«.
15) Nick Martin: »Can We Harvest Useful Wind Energy from the Roofs of Our Buildings?«, Building for a Future, Winter 2005/06, Sonderausgabe über Windenergie, Tabelle 2.
16) Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett und Janet Ramage (Hg.): Energy Systems and Sustainability, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003, Tabelle 3.1, S. 104.
17) Ibid.
1. Ein faustischer Pakt
1 Doctor Faustus, S. 25; deutsch: Die tragische Historie vom Doktor Faustus, S. 24.
2 Zitiert von Stuart Atkins: »Survey of the Faust Theme«, in: Cyrus Hamlin (Hg.): Faust: A Norton Critical Edition, W.W. Norton & Co, New York 2001, S. 573.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid., S. 574.
5 Doctor Faustus, Prologue, S. 7; deutsch: Die tragische Historie vom Doktor Faustus, S. 5.
6 Ibid., Act 1, Scene 1, S. 9; deutsch: 1. Akt, 1. Szene, S. 7.
7 Ibid., Act 1, Scene 1, S. 10; deutsch: 1. Akt, 1. Szene, S. 8.
8 Ibid., Act 1, Scene 3, S. 17; deutsch: 1. Akt, 3. Szene, S. 15.
9 Ibid., Act 2, Scene 1, S. 25; deutsch: 2. Akt, 1. Szene, S. 24.
10 Anonym, 1589 (?): The History of the Damnable Life and Deserved Death of Doctor John Faustus (veröffentlicht von Thomas Orwin 1592), Kapitel 2. Zitiert in Doctor Faustus, S. 185.
11 J.U. Nef: TheRise of the British Coal Industry, Routledge, London 1932. Erwähnt von Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett und Janet Ramage (Hg.): Energy Systems and Sustainability, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003, S. 160.
12 US Energy Information Administration: »Country Analysis Brief: United Kingdom«, April 2005: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/uk.html
13 Ibid.
14 Urs Siegenthaler et al.: »Stahle Carbon Cycle-Climate Relationship During the Laie Pleistocene«, Science, Vol. 310 (25. November 2005), S. 1313-1317.
15 Renato Spahm et al.: »Atmospheric Mediane and Nitrous Oxide of the Late Pleistocene from Antarctic Ice Cores«, Science, Vol. 310 (25. November 2005), S. 1317-1321.
16 Siegenthaler et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 14, oben).
17 Der Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stellt fest, dass »der Anstieg während des letzten Jahrhunderts beispiellos war, zumindest im Vergleich mit den letzten 20 000 Jahren«. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 2001: Working Group I - The Scientific Basis, Observed Changes in Globally Well-Mixed Greenhouse Gas Concentra-tions and Radiative Forcing: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wgi/ 016.htm.
18 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs: »Methane Emissions by Source: 1970-2003«, 23. Januar 2006: http://www.defra.gov.uk/ environment/statistics/globatmos/kf/gakfo8.htm.
19 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Summary for Policymakers to Climate Change zooi: Synthesis Report ofthe IPCC Third Assessment Report, IPCC, London 2001, S. 4.
20 World Meteorological Organization: »Extreme Weather Events Might In-crease« (Presseerklärung), 2. Juli 2003: http://www.wmo.ch/web/Press/ Press695.doc.
21 Tim P. Barnet et al.: »Penetration of Human-induced Warming into the World's Oceans«, Science, Vol. 309 (8. Juli 2005), S. 284-287.
22 Tim Barnet, zitiert in Fred Pearce: »Climate Evidence Finds Us Guilty as Charged«, New Scientist, n. Juni 2005.
23 Naomi Oreskes: »The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change«, Science, Vol. 306 (3. Dezember 2004), S. 1686. Im ursprünglichen Artikel hieß es in der Überschrift »climate change«, aber für eine spätere Ausgabe wurde das zu »global climate change« korrigiert.
24 Ibid.
25 The Royal Society et al.: »The Science of Climate Change«, Science, Vol. 2g2 (18. Mai 2001), S. 1261.
26 National Academy of Science: Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2001: http://fermat.nap.edu/html/climatechange/.
27 American Meteorological Society: »Climate Change Research: Issues for die Atmospheric and Related Sciences« (gebilligt vom AMS Council, 9. Februar 2003), Bulletin ofthe American Meteorological Society, April 2003, S. 508-515.
28 American Geophysical Union Council: »AGU Position Statement on Human Impacts on Climate«, Eos, Vol. 84 (Dezember 2003), S. 574.
29 American Association for the Advancement of Science: »AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment: Climate Change«, 2000: http://www.ourplanet. com/aaas/pages/atmoso2.html.
30 Roy W. Spencer und John R. Christy: »Precision and Radiosonde Validation of Satellite Gridpoint Temperature Anomalies. Part II: A Tropospheric Retrieval and Trends During 1979-90«, Journal of Climate, Vol. 5 (1992), S. 858-866.
31 Carl A. Mears und Frank J. Wentz: »The Effect of Diurnal Correction on Satellite-Derived Lower Tropospheric Temperature«, Science, Vol. 309 (2. September 2005), S. 1548-1551.
32 B. D. Santer et al.: »Amplification of Surface Temperature Trends and Vari-ability in the Tropical Atmosphere«, Science, Vol. 309 (2. September 2005), S. 1548-1551.
33 Steven J. Sherwood, John R. Lanzante und Cathryn L. Meyer: »Radiosonde Daytime Biases and Late Twentieth-Century Warming«, Science, Vol. 309 (2. September 2005), S. 1556-1559.
34 Steven J. Sherwood, zitiert von Zeeya Merali: »Sceptics Forced into Climate Climb-down«, NewScientist, 20. August 2005.
35 National Snow and Ice Data Centre: »Sea Ice Decline Intensifies«, Presseerklärung, 28. September 2005: http://nsidc.org/news/press/20050928_ trendscontinue.html.
36 Wissenschaftler, die Zeugen des Zusammenbruchs wurden, beschrieben ihn in einem Artikel von John Vidal: »Antarctica Sends 500 Million Billion Tonne Warning ofthe Effects of Global Warming«, Guardian, 20. März 2006.
37 Andrew Shepherd, Duncan Wingham, Tony Payne, Pedro Skvarca: »Larsen Ice Shelf Has Progressively Thinned«, Science, Vol. 302 (31. Oktober 2003), S. 856fr.
38 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: op. cit. (Anm. 19, oben), S. 12.
39 Meteorological Office: International Symposium on the Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases: Tables of Impacts, Hadley Centre, Exeter 2005, Tabelle 3 (Major Impacts of Climate Change on the Earth System): http://www. stabilisation2005.com/impacts/impacts_earth_system.pdf.
40 World Glacier Monitoring Service: GlacierMass Balance Data 2004, 2006: http://www.geo.unizh.ch/wgms/mbb/mbo4/sumo4.html
41 Fred Pearce: »Climate Warningas SiberiaMelts«, NewScientist, n. August 2005.
42 Erica Goldman: »Even in the High Arctic, Nothing is Permanent«, Science, Vol. 297 (30. August 2002), S. i493f.
43 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 39, oben).
44 World Health Organization: Climate Change, 2003: http://www.who.int/ heli/risks/climate/climatechange/en/index.html.
45 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: op. cit. (Anm. 19, oben), S.5.
46 Daniel A. Stainforth et al.: »Uncertainty in Predictions of the Climate Response to Rising Levels of Greenhouse Gases«, Nature, Vol. 433 (27. Januar 2005), S. 403-406.
47 Martin Parry et al.: »Millions at Risk: Defining Critical Climate Change Threats and Targets«, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 11 (2001), S. i8iff.
48 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 39, oben), Tabelle 2a (Impacts on Human Systems Due to Temperature Rjse, Precipitation Change and In-creases in Extreme Events): http://www.stabilisation2005.com/impacts/ impacts_human.pdf.
49 H. Schröder et al.: Assessment ofRenewable Ground and Surface Water Resources and the Impact of Economic Activity on Runoff in the Basin of the Ili River, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakh Academy of Sciences, Almaty, Kasachstan 2002; und P. Wagnon et al.: »Energy Balance and Runoff Seasonally of a Bolivian Glacier«, Global and Planetary Change, 22(1-4) (1999), S. 49-58; beide erwähnt in World Wildlife Fund: »Going, Going, Gone: Climate Change and Global Glacier Decline«, 2003: http://assets. panda.org/downloads/glacierspaper.pdf.
50 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 2001: Wor-king Group II - Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: http://www.gnda. no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/oo5.htm.
51 T. N. Palmer und J. Raisanen: »Quantifying the Risk of Extreme Seasonal Precipitation Events in a Changing Climate«, Nature, Vol. 415 (31. Januar 2002), S. 512fr.
52 Günther Fischer, Mahendra Shah, Harrij van Velthuizen und Freddy O. Nachtergaele: Global Agro-ecological Assessment for Agriculture in the 2?' Century, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and the Food and Agriculture Organisation, Juli 2001: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/ Research/LUC/SAEZ/pdf/gaez2002.pdf.
53 Julia M. Slingo, Andrew J. Challinor, Brian J. Hoskins und Timothy R Wheeler: »Introduction: Food Crops in a Changing Climate«, Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society, Vol. 360 (2g. November 2005), S. ig83-ig8g.
54 Shaobing Peng et al.: »Rice Yields Decline with Higher Night Temperature from Global Warming«, Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 101 (28. Juni 2004), S. gg7i-gg75.
55 Günther Fischer et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 52, oben).
56 Stephen P. Long, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Andrew D. B. Leakey und Patrick B. Morgan: »Global Food Insecurity«, Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society, Vol. 360 (2g. November 2005), S. 2011-2020.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
59 Martin Parry, Cynthia Rosenzweig und Matthew Livermore: »Climate Change, Global Food Supply and Risk of Hunger«, Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society, Vol. 360 (2g. November 2005), S. 2125-2138.
60 Julia M. Slingo et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 53, oben).
61 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 48, oben).
62 Jonathan A. Patz, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Tracey Holloway und Jonathan A. Foley: »Impact of Regional Climate Change on Human Health«, Nature, Vol. 438 (17. November 2005), S. 310-317.
63 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: op. cit. (Anm. 50, oben).
64 Jonathan A. Patz etal.: op. cit. (Anm. 62, oben).
65 Conference of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, Bericht von Fred Pearce: »Cities May Be Abandoned as Salt Water Invades«, New Scientist, 16. April 2005.
66 Ibid.
67 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: op. cit. (Anm. 50, oben).
68 Professor Chris Rapley, Direktor der British Antarctic Survey, formulierte diese Warnung bei seinem Vortrag vor der American Association for the Advancement of Science am ig. Februar 2006, »West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Waking the Sleeping Giant?«: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/ 20o6-02/bas-waio2i4o6.php.
69 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 2001: Working Group I - The Scientific Basis, Observed Changes in Climate Va-riability and Extreme Weather and Climate Events: http://www.grida.no/ climate/ipcc_tar/wgi/oi4.htm.
70 P. J. Webster, G. J. Holland, J. A. Curry und H. R Chang: »Changes in Tro-pical Cyclone Number, Duration and Intensity in a Warming Environment«, Science, Vol. 30g (16. September 2005), S. i844ff.
71 Kerry Emanuel: »Increasing Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones Over the Past 30 Years«, Nature, Vol. 436 (4. August 2005), S. 686ff.
72 P.J. Webster et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 70, oben).
73 Erwähnt vom House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs am 6. Juli 2005: TheEconomics ofClimate Change, Vol. I: Report, Stationery Office, London 2005, S. 24.
74 Peter A. Stott, D.A. Stone und M.R. Allen: »Human Contribution to the European Heatwave of 2003«, Nature, Vol. 432,2. Dezember 2004, S. 610-614.
75 Ibid.
76 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: op. cit. (Anm. 50, oben).
77 Chris D. Thomas et al.: »Extinction Risk from Climate Change«, Nature, Vol. 427 (8. Januar 2004), S. 145-148.
78 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 39, oben), Tabelle ia (Impacts of Level ofTemperature Change on Ecosystems): http://www.stabilisation2005. com/impacts/impacts_ecosystems.pdf.
79 Ibid.
80 The Royal Society: »Ocean Acidification Due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide«, Policy Document 12/05 Wum 2005): http://www.scar. org/articles/Ocean_Acidification(i).pdf.
81 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 78, oben).
82 Sharon A. Cowling et al.: »Contrasting Simulated Past and Future Re-sponses of the Amazonian Forest to Atmospheric Change«, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. 359 (29. März 2004), S. 539-547.
83 Ibid.
84 Ibid.
85 P. M. Cox, C. Huntingford und C. D. Jones: »Conditions for Sink-to-Source Transitions and Runaway Feedbacks from the Land Carbon-Cycle«, in: H.J. Schellnhuber et al. (Hg.): Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006, S. 155-161.
86 Chris D. Jones et al.: »Strong Carbon Cycle Feedbacks in a Climate Model with Interactive C02 and Sulphate Aerosols«, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30, 9. Mai 2003, S. 1479.
87 Geoff Jenkins: »A Question of ProbabiHty: Latest Research Identifies New Factors in Climate Change«, NewEconomy {Institute for Public Policy Research, London), Vol. 10, März 2003, S. 144-149.
88 A. Angert et al.: »Drier Summers Cancel Out the COi Uptake Enhancement Induced by Warmer Springs«, Proceedings ofthe National AcademyofSciences, Vol. 102, 2. August 2005, S. 10823-10827.
89 Pat H. Bellamy et al.: »Carbon Losses from All Soils Across England and Wales 1978-2003«, Nature, Vol. 437, 8. September 2005, S. 245-248.
90 Ibid.
91 Geoffjenkins: op. cit. (Anm. 87, oben).
92 Fred Pearce: »Climate Warning as Siberia Melts«, NewScientist, 11. August 2005.
93 House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs: op. cit. (Anm. 73, oben), S. 11.
94 Zum Beispiel Environment Canada: »The Science of Climate Change«: http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/understan-ding/FAQ/sections/2_e.html.
95 National Center for Atmospheric Research: »Most of Arctic's Near-Surface Permafrost May Thaw by 2100« (19. Dezember 2005): http://www.ucar. edu/news/releases/2005/permafrost.shtml.
96 Zum Beispiel Andrew J. Weaver und Claude Hillaire-Marcel: »Global Warnung and the Next Ice Age«, Science, Vol. 304,16. April 2004, S. 40off.
97 House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs: op. cit. (Anm. 73, oben), S. 26.
98 Detlef Quadfasel: »The Atlantic Heat Conveyor Slows«, Nature, Vol. 438, I, Dezember 2005, S. 565t.
99 Harry L. Bryden, Hannah R Longworth und Stuart A. Cunningham: »Slowing of the Adantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 25° N«, Nature, Vol. 438,1. Dezember 2005, S. 655IT.
100 Dedef Quadfasel: op. cit. (Anm. 98, oben).
101 Ibid.
102 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: op. cit. (Anm. 19, oben): http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/vol4/english/038.htm.
103 Erwähnt von Fred Pearce: »Heat Will Soar as Haze Fades«, New Scientist, 7. Juni 2003.
104 Daniel A. Stainforth et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 46, oben).
105 Ibid.
106 Michael J. Benton: When LifeNearly Died: The GreatestMass Extinction of All Time, Thames and Hudson, London 2003.
107 Ibid.
108 Ibid.
10g Jeffrey T. Kiehl und Christine A. Shields: »Climate Simulation of die Latest Permian: Implications for Mass Extinction«, Geology, Vol. 33, September 2005, S. 757-760.
110 Michael J. Benton: op. cit. (Anm. 106, oben).
111 Jeffrey T. Kiehl und Christine A. Shields: op. cit. (Anm. 109, oben).
112 Ibid.
113 Zum Beispiel James Lovelock: »The Earth is About to Catch a Morbid Fever that May Last as Long as 100,000 years«, Independent, 16. Januar 2006.
114 B'H Hare: »Relationship Between Increases in Global Mean Temperature and Impacts on Ecosystems, Food Production, Waterand Socio-Economic Systems«, in: Hans Joachim Schellnhuber (Hg.): AvoidingDangerous Climate Change, Cambridge University Press 2006, S. igi-199: http://www. defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/internat/pdf/avoid-dangercc. pdf.
115 Hartmut Grassl et al.: Climate Protection Strategies for the 21" Century: Kyoto and Beyond, WBGU-Sondergutachten, WBGU (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen), Berlin 2003, S. 11: http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2003_engl.pdf; deutsch: Über Kioto hinausdenken - Klimaschutzstrategien für das 21. Jahrhundert: http:// www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2003.html.
116 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 48, oben).
117 Ibid.
118 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 78, oben).
119 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 48, oben).
120 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 78, oben).
121 Meteorological Office: op. cit. (Anm. 39, oben).
122 Colin Forrest entnimmt diese Daten aus den Zahlen im Artikel von Chris D. Jones et al. (Anm. 86, oben). Colin Forrest: »The Cutting Edge: Climate Science to April 2005«: http://www.climate-crisis.net/downloads/THE_ CUTTING_EDGE_CLIMATE_SCIENCE_TO__APRIL_05.pdf.
123 Bill Hare und Malte Meinshausen: How Much Warming Are We Com-mitted To and How Much Can BeAvoided?, PIK Report 93 (Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung, Potsdam 2004), Abb. 7, S. 24: http://www. pik-potsdam.de/publications/pik_reports/reports/pr.93/pr93.pdf.
124 Colin Forrest: op. cit. (Anm. 122, oben).
125 Energy Information Administration: International Energy Annual 2003, 2005, Tabelle H.1CC02 (World Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels, 1980-2003): http://www.eia. doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tableh1cco2.xls.
126 Die Zahlen, entnommen aus Energy Information Administration: op. cit. (Anm. 125, oben), ergeben folgendes Bild: Tabelle auf S. 360.
127 Bill Hare und Malte Meinshausen: op. cit. (Anm. 123, oben), S. 24.
128 Paul Baer und Tom Athanasiou: »Honesty About Dangerous Climate Change«, 2005: http://www.ecoequity.org/ceo/ceo_8_2.htm.
129 The Royal Society: »A Guide to Facts and Fictions about Climate Change«, 2005: http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=i630.
130 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust (1770-1830), Übersetzung von Cyrus Hamlin (Hg.): Faust, Norton Critical Edition (W. W. Norton and Co., New York, 2001), Part I, Study, line 1695; deutsch: Goethe, Faust, Insel, Frankfurt 1993, Erster Teil, S. 52.
131 Ibid., Parti, Study, Lines 1765-1768; deutsch: Erster Teil, S. 54.
132 Ibid., Part II, ActV, Line 11563; deutsch: Zweiter Teil, V. Akt, S. 326.
Land
COi-Emissonen pro Kopf 2003 (t)
Kohlenstoffemissionen pro Kopf (CO, 3,667)
'-9
Prozentual Notw. Red.
Frankreich
Großbritannien
Deutschland
Kanada
Australien
6,8
9.5 10,2
19,1 19,1
83
2,6 2,8 5,2
5,2
00 00 00 vi
94 94
USA
20
5,5
94
359
2 Die Industrie der Leugner
360
1 Faust, Lines 2 693 - 2 696; deutsch: Zweiter Teil, V. Akt, S. 330.
2 Dr. Andrew Dlugolecki, ehemaliger Direktor für allgemeine Versicherungsentwicklung bei CGNU, auf der Konferenz »Decarbonising the UK« am 21. September 2005, Church House, Westminster.
3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 2001: Wor-king Group II- Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Tabelle 11-9: http:// www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/446.htm.
4 Alan Dupont und Graeme Pearman: »Heating up the Planet: Climate Change and Security« (Paper 12, The Lowy Institute, 13. Juni 2006), S. 45f.: http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=39i.
5 Anonym: »Washed Away«, NewScientist, 25. Juni 2005.
6 James Verdin, Chris Funk, Gabriel Senay und Richard Choularton: »Climate Science and Famine Early Warning«, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. 360, 29. November 2005, S. 2155-2168.
7 Ibid.
8 Energy Information Administration: International Energy Annual 2003, 2005, Tabelle H.1CC02 (World Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels, 1980-2003): http://www.eia. doe.gov/pub/international/iealf7tablehicco2.xls.
9 Siehe auch Günther Fischer, Mahendra Shah, Harrij van Velthuizen und Freddy O. Nachtergaele: »Global Agro-ecological Assessment for Agricul-ture in the 2ist Century«, International Institute for Applied Systems Ana-lysis and Food and Agriculture Organisation, Juli 2001: http://www.uasa. ac.at/Research/LUC/SAEZ/pdf/gaez2002.pdf.
10 The Economist Pocket World in Figures 200;, Profile Books Ltd, London 2004, S. 28.
11 Tony Blair, Rede über Klimawandel, 14. September 2004: http://www. numbeno.gov.uk/output/Page6333.asp.
12 Peter Hitchens: »Global Warming? It's Hot Air and Hypocrisy«, Mail on Sunday, 29. Juli 2001.
13 Melanie Phillips: »Does This Prove that Global Warming's All Hot Air?«, Daily Mail, 13. Januar 2006.
14 Peter Hitchens: op. cit. (Anm. 12, oben).
15 Melanie Phillips: Gespräch über The Moral Maze, BBC Radio 4, 17. Februar 2005.
16 David Bellamy: »Global Warming? What a Load of Poppycock!«, Daily Mail, 9. Juli 2004.
17 David Bellamy: Brief an den New Scientist, 16. April 2005.
18 Gespräch mit Dr. Frank Paul vom World Glacier Monitoring Service, 5. Mai 2005.
19 Er erwähnte Frank Paul et al.: »Rapid Disintegration of Alpine Glaciers Ob-served with Satellite Data«, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31 (12. November 2004), L21402; und WGMS: »Fluctuations of Glaciers 1990-1995 Vol. VII«, 1988: http://www.wgms.ch/f0g/fog7.pdf. Eine vollständigere Liste neuerer Publikationen über Gletscherbewegungen und Massenausgleich ist verfugbar unter http://www.wgms.ch/literature.html.
20 http://www.iceagenow.com/Growing_Glaciers.htm
21 E-Mail von David Bellamy, 5. Mai 2005.
22 Roger Boyes: »Blame the Jews«, The Times, 7. November 2003.
23 David Bamford: »Turkish Offlcials Carpeted«, Guardian, 30. Juli 1987.
24 Michael White: »Will the Democrats Wear this Whig?«, Guardian, 3. Mai 1986.
25 Francis Wheen: »Branded: Lord Rees-Mogg, International Terrorist«, Guardian, 21. August 1996.
26 Auszug aus Chip Beriet und Matthew N. Lyons: Rjght-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Com fort, Guilford Press, New York 2000, neu veröffentlicht unter http://www.publiceye.org/larouche/synthesis.html.
27 Das ist ein Dauerthema von 2ist Century Science and Technology.
28 Terry Kirby: »The Cult and the Candidate«, Independent, 21. Juli 2004.
29 Chip Bettlet, 20. Dezember 1990: http://www.skepticfiles.org/socialis/ woo_left.htm.
30 http://www.cei.org/gencon/oi4,02867.cfm, angesehen am 23. Mai 2006.
31 http://www.nationalcenter.org/NPA218.html, angesehen am 23. Mai 2006.
32 http://www.junkscience.com/nov98/moore.htm, angesehen am 23. Mai 2006.
33 John K. Carlisle (Direktor des National Center for Public Policy Research): Brief an die Washington Post, 17. November 1998.
34 http://www.sepp.org/controv/glaciers.html, angesehen am 7. Mai 2005.
35 George Monbiot: »Junk Science«, Guardian, 10. Mai 2005.
36 E-Mail von Ron Partridge an S. Fred Singer, 11. Mai 2005.
37 E-Mail von S. Fred Singer an Ron Partridge, 11. Mai 2005.
38 Zweite E-Mail von Ron Partridge an S. Fred Singer, 11. Mai 2005.
39 Weitere E-Mail von S. Fred Singer, an mich weitergeleitet von Ron Partridge, 28. Mai 2005.
40 http://www.sepp.org/pressrel/goreglac.html, angesehen am 23. Mai 2006.
41 David Teather: »Washington Focuses on Oil Profits«, Guardian, 7. November 2005.
42 Frank Luntz: »The Environment: A Cleaner, Safer, Healthier America«, 2002. Ein Memo dazu, das durchgesickert ist, findet sich hier: http://www. ewg.org/briefings/luntzmemo/pdf/LuntzResearch_environment.pdf.
43 http://www.exxonsecrets.org.
44 Zitiert von Zeeya Merali: »Sceptics Forced into Climate Climbdown«, New Scientist, 20. August 2005.
45 Die Petition ist hier nachzulesen: http://www.oism.org/pproject/s33p37. htm.
46 Brief von Frederick Seitz: »Research Review of Global Warming Evidence«, 1998: http://www.oism.org/pproject/s33p41.htm.
47 PRWatch: »Case Study: The Oregon Petition«, ohne Datum: http://www. prwatch.org/improp/oism.html.
48 http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=36.
49 PRWatch: op. cit. (Anm. 47, oben).
50 Arthur B. Robinson, Sallie L. Baliunas, Willie Soon und Zachary W Robinson: »Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide«, Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine and the George C. Marshall Institute, 1998: http://www.oism.org/pproject/s33p36.htm.
51 Siehe Einträge für Sallie Baliunas und Willie Soon bei http://www.exxonsecrets.org.
52 John H. Cushman jr.: »Industrial Group Plans to Battle Climate Treaty«, New York Times, 26. April 1998.
53 Arthur B. Robinson et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 50, oben).
54 National Academy of Sciences: »Statement by the Council of the National Academy of Sciences Regarding Global Change Petition«, 20. April 1998: http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/so42019987OpenDo-cument.
55 Environmental Protection Agency: Respiratory Health Effects Of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer And Other Disorders, EPA/600/6-90/006F, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C, Dezember 1992, S. 21.
56 Ellen Merlo: Memo an William I. Campbell, 17. Februar 1993, Bates No. 2021183916-2021183925, S. i: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc7ti d=qdfo2aoo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
57 Ibid., S. 5.
58 Ibid., S. 5f.
59 Ibid., S. 6.
60 Ibid., S. 7.
61 Ibid., S. 9.
62 Ted Lattanzio: Hinweis für Tina Walls, 20. Mai 1993, Bates No. 2021178204: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=huJ46eoo&fmt=pdf&ref=res ults.
63 Margery Kraus: Brief an Vie Han, Director of Communications, Philip Morris USA, 23. September 1993, Bates No. 2024233698-2024233702, S. 2: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=dqa35eoo&fmt=pdf&ref= results.
64 Tom Hockaday und Neal Cohen: Memo an Matt Winokur, Director of Re-gulatory Affairs, Philip Morris: »Thoughts on TASSC Europe«, 25. März 1994, Bates No. 2024233595-2024233602, S. 2f.: http://legacy.library. ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=pqa35eoo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
65 Margery Kraus: op. cit. (Anm. 63, oben).
66 APCO Associates: »Proposed Plan for the Public Launching of TASSC«, 30. September 1993, Bates No. 2024233709-2024233717: http://legacy. library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=eqa35eoo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
67 APCO Associates: »Revised Plan for the Public Launching of TASSC«, 15. Oktober 1993, Bates No. 2045930493-2045930502: http://legacy. library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=alyo3eoo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
68 APCO Associates: op. cit. (Anm. 66, oben), S. 3.
69 Ibid.
363
70 Zu den Autoren für diese Antworten siehe Jack Leonzi: Hinweis für Ellen Merlo, 15. November 1993, Bates no. 2024233664: http://legacy.library. ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=jqa35eoo&frnt=pdf&ref=results.
71 »Draft Q and A for PM USA and TASSC«, ohne Datum, Bates No. 2065556600: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=ynk73COO&fmt =pdf&ref=results.
72 Ibid.
73 David Michaels: »Scientific Evidence and Public Policy«, American Journal of Public Health (Supplement on Scientific Evidence and Public Policy), Vol. 95 (2005), S. S5-S7.
74 Anonym: »Smoking and Health Proposal« (Brown & Williamson), ohne Datum, Bates No. 690010951-690010959, S. 4: http://Iegacy.library.ucsf. edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=rgy93foo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
75 http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=6.
76 Steven J. Milloy: »Annual Report to TASSC Board Members«, 7. Januar 1998, Bates No. 2065254885-2065254890, S. 3: http://legacy.library.ucsf. edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=any77doo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
77 http://www.junkscience.com/nov98/moore.htm, angesehen am 23. Mai 2006.
78 http://www.junkscience.com/define.htm, angesehen am 24. Mai 2006.
79 http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.phpPtitfcSteven_J._Milloy.
80 Ibid.
81 Tom Borelli: Memo (»Junk Science«), Philip Morris Management Corporation, 11. April 1996, Bates No. 2505642662: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ cgi/getdoc?tid=zna25Coo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
82 Steven J. Milloy: op. cit. (Anm. 76, oben), S. 1.
83 Steven J. Milloy: op. cit. (Anm. 76, oben), S. 3.
84 Philip Morris: »Public Policy Recommendations for 1997 with Paid Status«, 25. Februar 1998, Bates No. 2063351196-2063351220, S. 4: http://legacy. library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=fah53aoo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
85 Philip Morris: »Issues Management«, 2001, Bates No. 2082656417-2082656505, S. 13: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=kwk84ao o&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
86 Paul D. Thacker: »Pundit for Hire«, NewRepublic, 26. Januar 2006.
87 Steven J. Milloy: »Omitted Epidemiology«, British Medical Journal, Vol. 317 (2. Oktober 1998): http://bmj.bmjjournals.eom/cgi/eletters/317/7163/903/a.
88 2004 IRS-Dokumente, erwähnt von Environmental Science and Technology: »The Junkman Climbs to theTop«, 11. Mai 2005: http://pubs.acs.org/ subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2005/may/business/pt_junkscience.html.
364
89 http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/personfactsheet.php?id=88i.
90 Ibid.
91 Paul D. Thacker: op. cit. (Anm. 86, oben).
92 Philip Morris: op. cit. (Anm. 84, oben), S. 2f.
93 Steven Milloy: »Secondhand Smokescreen«, 4. April 2001: http://www.foxnews.com/sto ry/0,2933,1897, oo.html.
94 Steven Milloy: »Second-Hand Smokescreens«, 4. Juni 2001: http://www.foxnews.eom/story/o,2933,2610g,oo.html.
95 Steven Milloy: »Kyoto's Quiet Anniversary«, 16. Februar 2006: http://www.foxnews.eom/story/o,2933,185171,00.html.
96 Steven Milloy: »Hot Air Hysteria«, 16. März 2006: http://www.foxnews.corn/story/o,2933,i88i76, oo.html.
97 Steven Milloy: »The Greenhouse Myth«, 20. April 2006: http://www.foxnews.com/story/o,2g33,ig2544,oo.htmI.
98 Paul D. Thacker: op. cit. (Anm. 86, oben).
9g Zum Beispiel http://www.foxnews.eom/story/o,2933,196118,oo.html, angesehen am 24. Mai 2006.
100 Steven J. Milloy: op. cit. (Anm. 76, oben).
101 Colin Stokes, Chairman von RJ Reynolds: »RJR's Support of Biomedical Research«, November 1979: Bates No. 504480506-504480517, S. 7: http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=uyr65doo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
102 John L. Bacon, Direktor von Corporate Contributions, RJ Reynolds: Internes Memorandum (»Consultancy Agreements - Dr's Seitz and McCarty«) an Edward A. Horrigan jr., Chairman und Chief Executive Officer, RJ Reynolds, 15. Juli 1986, Bates No. 508455416: http://tobaccodocuments.org/ rjr/5o84554i5-54i6.html?pattern=5o84554i6irnages.
103 Edward A. Horrigan jr.: Brief an Frederick Seitz, 15. Juli 1986, Bates No. 508263286: http://tobaccodocuments.org/rjr/508263286-3286.html.
104 RJ Reynolds: »Procedures for Managing and Progress Monitoring of RJ Reynolds Industries Support of Biomedical Research«, ohne Datum, Bates No. 502130487: http://Iegacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=cva29doo&f mt=pdf&ref=results.
105 John L. Bacon: »Minutes of the RJ Reynolds Medical Research meeting«, 13. September 197g, Bates No. 504480459-504480464: http://tobaccodocuments.org/rjr/504480459-0464.pdf.
106 Colin Stokes: op. cit. (Anm. 101, oben).
107 Philip Morris, ohne Titel, Notizen für eine Präsentation, 1992, Bates No. 2024102283-2024102287, S. 5: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc? tid=pfa35eoo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
108 Dieses Memo und verschiedene andere Details über Kontakte von Seitz mit der Tabakindustrie wurden ans Licht gebracht von Norbert Hirschhorn und Stella Aguinaga Bialous: »Second-hand Smoke and Rjsk Assess-ment: What Was In It for the Tobacco Industry?«, Tobacco Control, Vol. 10 (2001), S. 375-382: http://tc.bmjjournals.eom/cgi/content/full/10/4/375.
365
109 Tom Hockaday: Memo (»Opinion Editoriais on Indoor Air Quality and Junk Science«) an Ellen Merlo etal., 8. März 1993, Bates No. 2021178205: http:// legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=iuJ46eoo&fmt=pdf&ref=results.
110 S. Fred Singer: »Junk Science at the EPA«, 1993, Bates No. 2021178206-2021178208, S. 2: http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/cgi/getdoc?tid=cuJ46eoo& fmt=pdf&ref=results.
111 Tom Hockaday und Neal Cohen: op. cit. (Anm. 64, oben), S. 5.
112 Philip Morris: op. cit. (Anm. 84, oben).
113 Ibid.
114 http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/bsp/hi/live_events/forums/04/ io9ii83999/html/f_info.stm.
115 Today Programme, 19. Mai 2005, BBC Radio 4: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ radio4/today/
116 http://www.junkscience.com/Junkman.html.
117 Senator James M. Inhofe (R-Okla): Diskussionsbeitrag im Senat: »The Science of Climate Change«, 28. Juli 2003: http://inhofe.senate.gov/pressreleases/climate.htm.
118 Ibid.
119 http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/orgfactsheet.php?id=2.
120 Philip Morris: op. cit. (Anm. 84, oben), S. 3.
121 Brief von Myron Ebell an Phil Cooney, veröffendicht in »White House Effect«, Harper's Magazine, Mai 2004.
122 Andrew C. Revkin: »Bush Aide Softened Greenhouse Gas Links to Global Warming«, New York Times, 8. Juni 2005.
123 Ibid.
124 Jamie Wilson: »Bush's Climate Row Aide Joins Oil Giant«, Guardian, 16. Juni 2005.
125 A.G. (Randy) Randol III, Leitender Umweltberater, ExxonMobil: Memo (»Bush Team for IPCC negotiations«) an John Howard, 6. Februar 2001, Fax, gesendet von der Tel.-Nr. 202 8620268.
126 Ibid., S. 2.
127 Ibid., S. 5.
128 Oxford English Dictionary.
129 Sir David King: The Greenpeace Business lecture, 13. Oktober 2004: http:// www.greenpeace.org. uk/contentlookup.cfm?CFID=i322590&CFTOKEN =778oo26i&ucidparam=2004ioi3ioo5i9.
366
130 David King: Rede auf der Konferenz »Decarbonising the UK«, 21. September 2005, Church House, Westminster.
131 Simon Retallack: »Setting a Long Term Climate Objective: A Paper for the International Taskforce on Climate Change«, Institute for Public Policy Research, Oktober 2004: http://www.ippr.org.uk/ecomm/files/climate_ objective.pdf.
3 Eine Portion Freiheit
1 Doctor Faustus, S. 30; deutsch: Die tragische Historie vom Doktor Baustils, S. 29.
2 Richard Layard: Happiness: Lessons from a New Science, Allen Lane, London 2005, S. 44.
3 George Orwell: »The Lion and the Unicom« (1940), in: Essays, Penguin, London 2000, S. 170; deutsch: George Orwell: Im Innern des Wals. Erzählungen und Essays, Diogenes, Zürich 2003.
4 Aubrey Meyer: Contraction and Convergence: The Global Solution to Climate Change, Schumacher Briefing No. 5, Green Books, Totnes, Devon 2005.
5 David Fleming: »Energy and the Common Purpose: Descending the Energy Staircase with Tradeable Energy Quotas (TEQs)«, kein Datum: http://www. teqs.net/book/teqs.pdf.
6 Tina Fawcett: Präsentation (»Personal Carbon Allowances and Industrial and Commercial Sector Capping«) beim Workshop des UK Energy Research Centre »Taxingand Trading«, 3. November 2005.
7 Richard Starkey und Kevin Anderson: Domestic Tradable Quotas: A Policy Instrument for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Use, Tyndall Centre Technical Report Nr. 39, Dezember 2005.
8 Siehe Kevin Smith et al.: Hoodwinked in the Hothouse: The G8, Climate Change and Free Market Environmentalism, Transnational Institute Briefing Series, 30. Juni 2005: http://www.tni.org/reports/ctw/hothouse.pdf.
9 Roger Harrabin: »£ibn Windfall from Carbon Trading«, BBC News Online, 1. Mai 2006: http://news.bbc.co.Uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4961320.stm.
10 P. Ekins und S. Dresner: Green Taxes and Charges: Reducing theirlmpact on Low-income Households, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York 2004, erwähnt in Decarbonising the UK - Energy for a Climate Conscious Future, The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, 2005, S. 60: http://www. tyndall.ac.uk/media/news/tyndall_decarbonising_the_uk.pdf.
11 Roger Levett: »Carbon Rationing Versus Energy Taxes: A False Opposition?«, 25. Oktober 2005: http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/component/option, com_ docman/task, doc_down!oad/gid ,325/.
367
12 Björn Lomborg: The Skeptical Environmentalist, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001, S. 310; deutsch: Apocalypse No!, Klampen, Springe 2002.
13 Ibid., S. 312.
14 Richard D. Knabb, Jamie R, Rhome und Daniel P. Brown: »Tropical Cyc-lone Report: Hurricane Katrina«, National Hurricane Center, 20. Dezember 2005: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf7TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf.
15 David Pearce et al.: »The Social Costs of Climate Change: Greenhouse Da-mage and the Benefits of Control«, in: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change iggs: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996, S. 183-224.
16 Her Majesty's Treasury/Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs: »Estimating the Social Cost of Carbon Emissions«, 2002: http:// www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/20g/60/scc.pdf.
17 Performance and Innovation Unit: The Energy Review, Februar 2002, Annex 6, Tabelle 1: http://www.number-10.gov.uk/su/energy/20.html.
18 Commission of the European Communities: »Winning the Battle against Global Climate Change«, Hintergrundpapier, g. Februar 2005, S. 25: http://europa.eu.int/comm/press_room/presspacks/climate/stafF_work_ paper_sec_2005_180_3.pdf.
19 Christian Azar und Stephen Schneider: »Are the Economic Costs of Stabi-lizing the Atmosphere Prohibitive?«, EcologicalEconomics, 2002, Vol. 42, S. 73-80, hier S. 76.
20 Ibid., S. 77.
21 Centrica, zitiert von BBC News Online: »Gas Prices >Set to Rise Further<«: http://news.bbc.co.Uk/1/hi/uk/4684108.stm.
22 Christopher Adams: »Industry Feels Heat of Gas Price Surge«, Financial Times, 17. Februar 2006.
23 Zum Beispiel: »Copenhagen Consensus, 2005. The Results«: http://www. copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Press/UK/copenhagen_con-sensus_result_FINAL.pdf.
24 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development: »Aid from DAC Members, Donor Aid Charts«, United States (für 2004), 2006: http:// www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/30/1860571.gif.
25 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: »Aid from DAC Members, Donor Aid Charts«, United Kingdom (für 2004, 2006): http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/53/1860562.gif.
368
26 Department for Transport statistics, Dezember 2005, zusammengestellt von Road Block: http://www.roadblock.org.uk/press_releases/info/TPI%2 oand%2olocal%20schemes%2oDeco5.xls.
27 Lord McKenzie of Luton: Parlamentarische Antwort HL 1508,10. Oktober 2005: http://www.publications.parIiament.uk/pa/ld200405/ldhansrd/pdvn/ldso5/ text/5ioiowo4-htm.
28 Norman Myers und Jennifer Kent: Perverse Subsidies: How Tax Dollars can Undercut the Environment and the Economy, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 2001, S. 14.
29 Ibid., S. 13.
30 http://energycommerce.house.gov/108/energy_pdfs_2.htm.
31 Rep. Henry Waxman: Brief an the Honorable J. Dennis Hasten, 27. Juli 2005: http://www.democrats.reform.house.gov/Documents/20050727165629-26334.pdf.
32 Ibid.
33 European Environment Agency: Energy Subsidies in the European Union: A Brief'Overview, EEA, Kopenhagen 2004, S. 14: http://reports.eea.eu.int/ technical_report_2004_i/en/Energy_FINAL_web.pdf.
34 Ibid., S. 9.
35 Ibid., S. 14.
36 Linda Bilmes und Joseph E. Stiglitz: »The Economic Costs of the Iraq War: An Appraisal Three Years after the Beginning of the Conflict«, Working Paper Number RWP06-002, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 11. Januar 2006: http://ksgnotesi.harvard.edu/research/ wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWPo6-oo2/$File/rwp_o6_oo2_Bilmes_SSRN.pdf.
37 Zum Beispiel Energy Technology Support Unit: New and Renewable Energy: Prospects in the UK for the zist Century- Supporting Analysis, ETSU, Harwell 1999, S. 227f.
38 Zum Beispiel http://www.peakoil.net, http://www.oilcrisis.com und Matthew Simmons: Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy, Wiley, New York 2005.
39 Zum Beispiel John H. Wood, Gary R Long und David F. Morehouse: »Long-Term World Oil Supply Scenarios: The Future Is Neither as Bleak or Rosy as Some Assert«, Energy Information Administration, 18. August 2004: http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/feature_articles/2004/ worldoilsupply/oilsupplyo4.html.
40 Robert L. Hirsch, Roger Bezdek und Robert Wendung: »Peaking Of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Risk Management«, US Department of Energy, Februar 2005: http://www.hubbertpeak.com/us/NETL/ OiIPeaking.pdf.
369
41 Ibid., S. 4.
42 Ibid., S. 59.
43 International Energy Agency: »Analysis of the Impact of High Oil Prices on the Global Economy«, Mai 2004, S. 2: http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/ 2004/high_oil_prices.pdf.
44 Ibid.
45 Doctor Faustus, Act V, Scene 2; deutsch: Die tragische Historie vom Doktor Faustus, S. 63.
4 Unsere undichten Häuser
1 Faust, Lines 11604-11605; deutsch: Faust, S. 328.
2 J. Daniel Khazzoom: »Economic Implications of Mandated Efficiency Standards for Household Appliances«, Energy Journal, Vol. 1 (1980), S. 21-39.
3 Stanley Jevons: The Coal Question - Can Britain Survive?(i2>(>'-,), zitiert in Horace Herring: »Does Energy Efficiency Save Energy: The Implications of Acceptingthe Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate«, April 1998: http://technology. open.ac.uk/eeru/stafF/horace/kbpotl.htm.
4 J. Ausubel und H.D. Langford (Hg.): Technological Trajectories and the Human Environment (US National Academy of Engineering, 1997), erwähnt in: Decarbonising the UK - Energy for a Climate Conscious Future (The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, 2005), S. 70.
5 Paul Hawken, Amory B. Lovins und L. Hunter Lovins: Natural Capitalism: The NextIndustrialRevolution, Earthscan, London 1999, S. 62; deutsch: Öko-Kapitalismus. Die industrielle Revolution des 21. Jahrhunderts, Rie-mann, München 2000.
6 Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson und Ian Skinner: »Critical Issues in Decarbonising Transport: The Role of Technologies«, The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Arbeitspapier Nr. 36, Oktober 2003, S. 5: http://tyndall.e-collaboration.co.uk/pubIications/working_papers/wp36. pdf.
7 Roger Levett: »Quality of Life Eco-Efficiency«, Energy and Environment, Vol. 15 (2004), S. 1015-1026.
8 Horace Herring: »Does Energy Efficiency Save Energy: The Implications of Accepting the Khazzoom-Brookes Postulate«, April 1998: http://technology. open.ac.uk/eeru/staff/horace/kbpotl.htm.
370
9 Ibid.
10 Paul Hawken, Amory B. Lovins und L. Hunter Lovins: op. cit. (Anm. 5, oben), S. 13.
11 Ibid., S. 126.
12 Ibid.
13 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (government of Australia): »Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate«, Januar 2006: http://www.dfat.gov.au/environment/climate/ap6/.
14 Die neuesten Vorschriften für schon existierende Wohnhäuser sind veröffentlicht vom Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, The Building Regulations 2000, Part LiB, 6. April 2006: http://www.odpm.gov.uk/pub/338/ ApprovedDocumentLiBConservationoffuelandpowerExistingdwellings 2006edition_idn64338.pdf.
15 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: »Energy Ef-ficiency«, 5. Juli 2005, Absatz 7.15: http://www.publications.parliament. uk/pa/ld2005o6/ldselect/ldsctech/2i/2io2.htm.
16 Ein Beamter des Department of Trade and Industry: Rede auf der Konferenz »Resource '05'«, Building Research Establishment, Watford, 15. Septemberzoos.
17 Yvette Cooper, zitiert von Paul Brown: »Energy-saving Targets Scrapped«, Guardian, 18. Juli 2005.
18 Department of Trade and Industry: »Energy Consumption in the United Kingdom«, 2003, S. 23: http://www.dti.gov.uk/fiIes/file11250.pdf.
19 Department of Trade and Industry: »UK Energy Sector Indicators 2004«, 2004, S. 97: http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/energy_indicators/mdii _2004.pdf.
20 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 18, oben), S. 11.
21 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. ig, oben), S. 105.
22 Department of Trade and Industry: »Energy: Its Impact on the Environment and Society«, 2005, Kapitel 3, Seite 9: http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/ file20263.pdf.
23 Brenda Boardman et al.: 40% House, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, 2005, S. 39.
24 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit (Anm. 15, oben), Absatz 7.14.
25 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 22, oben), S. 9.
26 Paul Brown: op. cit. (Anm. 17, oben).
27 Andrew Warren, zitiert in Anonym: »Changes to Building Regulations >Substantially, Deliberately Weakened<«, Energy World, November/Dezemberzoos.
371
28 Ibid.
29 David Olivier: »Setting New Standards«, Building for a Future, Sommer 2001.
30 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 15, oben), Appendix 8.
31 David Strong, Building Research Establishment: Aussage vor dem House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, 9. Februar 2005, Frage534:http://www.parliament.the-sta tionery-office.co.uk/pa/ld200506/ ldselect/ldsctech/2i/502ogo3.htm.
32 Andrew Warren: »Time to Put a Stop to the Disdain for Regulations«, Energy in Buildings and Industry, März 2006: http://www.ukace.org/pubs/ articles/eibi2oo6-o3 .pdf.
33 P. Grigg: »Assessment of Energy Efficiency Impact of Building Regulations Compliance«, Bericht des Building Research Establishment for the Energy Savings Trust and Energy Efficiency Partnership for Homes, 10. November 2004: http://www.est.org.uk/uploads/documents/partnership/Houses_ airrightness_report_Oct_04.pdf.
34 David Strong: Präsentation auf der Konferenz »Resource '05'«, Building Research Establishment, Watford, 15. September 2005.
35 David Strong: op. cit. (Anm. 31, oben).
36 Ibid.
37 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 15, oben), Absatz 6.25.
38 House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee: »First Report«, ig. Januar 2005, Absatz 117: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ cm2004O5/cmselect/cmenvaud/i35/i35O2.htm.
3g Andrew Warren, Association for the Conservation of Energy, persönliche Mitteilung.
40 Mick Hamer: »How Green is Your House?«, New Scientist, 5. November 2005.
41 David Strong: op. cit. (Anm. 31, oben), Frage 528.
42 Passivhaus Institut: »Was ist ein Passivhaus?«, ohne Datum: http://www. passiv.de.
43 Jürgen Schnieders: »CEPHEUS - Measurement Results from More Than 100 Dwelling Units in Passive Houses«, Mai 2003: http://www.passiv.de/ 07_eng/news/CEPHEUS_ECEEE.pdf.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Patrick Beilew, Atelier 10,13. Oktober 2005, persönliche Mitteilung.
47 Peter Cox: »Passivhaus«, Building for a Future, Winter 2005/06.
372
48 Passivhaus Institut: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben). 4g Jürgen Schnieders: op. cit. (Anm. 43, oben).
50 Peter Cox: op. cit. (Anm. 47, oben).
51 David Olivier: op. cit. (Anm. 29, oben).
52 H. F. Kaan und B. J. de Boer: »Passive Houses: Achievable Concepts for Low C02 Housing«, Abhandlung, präsentiert auf der ISES Conference 2005, Orlando, USA: http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2006/rxo6019.pdf.
53 Jennie Organ: »Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZed)«, Sustain-able Development Commission, ohne Datum: http://www.sd-commission. org.uk/communitiessummit/show_case_study.php/00035.html.
54 BedZed, ohne Datum, Verkaufsbroschüre: http://www.bedzed.org.uk/ BedZed_Brochure.pdf.
55 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: Energy- The Changing Climate, Juni 2000, Kapitel 6, Box 6c: http://www.rcep.org.uk/new energy.htm.
56 House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee: op. cit. (Anm. 38, oben).
57 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm 15, oben), Absatz 7.28.
58 Brenda Boardman et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 23, oben), S. 88.
59 Ibid., S. 3g.
60 Ibid., S. 43.
61 Hiroshi Matsumoto: »System Dynamics Model for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Residential Buildings«, iggg: http://www.ibpsa.org/%5Cproceedings%5CBS1ggg%5CBSgg_PB-07.pdf.
62 XCO2 Conisbee Ltd: »Insulation forSustainability -AGuide«: http://www. insulation.kingspan.com/newdiv/pdf/IfS%20Summary.pdf.
63 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 15, oben), Absatz 7.2.
64 Ibid.
65 Eoin Lees: »Using Stamp Duty to bring about a Step Change in Household Energy Efficiency«, report to CIGA/NIA and Association for the Conserva-tion of Energy, 8. Januar 2005:
http://www.ukace.org/pubs/reportfo/2005%20Using%20Stamp%20Duty %20to%2obring%2oabout%2oa%2oStep%2oChange%2oin%2oHouseho ld%2oEnergy%2oEfficiency.pdf.
66 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs: »Sustainable Energy: Energy Efficiency Commitment«, 18. April 2006: http://www.defra. gov.uk/environment/energy/eec/.
67 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 22, oben), S. 11.
373
68 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit.
(Anm. 15, oben), Absatz 3.10. 6g HM Treasury: Budget 2006, Kapitel 7, Absatz 7.51: http://www.hm-trea
sury.gov.uk/media/20F/1D/budo6_ch7_161.pdf.
70 Brenda Boardman et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 23, oben), S. 48.
71 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 22, oben), S. n.
72 Brenda Boardman et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 23, oben), S. 48.
73 Elliot Morley: Parlamentarische Antwort Nr. 4451, 16. Juni 2005: http:// www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cmo50616/ text/5o6i6wi2.htmcolumn_564.
74 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 15, oben), Absatz g.26.
75 Brenda Boardman: »Achieving Energy Efficiency through Product Policy: The UK Experience«, Environmental Science und Policy, Vol. 7 (2004), S. 165-176.
76 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 22, oben), S. 7.
77 Brenda Boardman et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 23, oben), S. 49.
78 Ibid., S. 56.
79 Brenda Boardman: op. cit. (Anm. 75, oben).
80 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 15, oben), Absatz g.4.
81 Friends of the Earth: »Energy Saving Labels May Be Banned«, Pressemitteilung, 20. Oktober 2005: http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/ energy_saving_labels_may_b_20102005.html.
82 P. Schiellerup: »An Examination of the EfFectiveness of the EU Minimum Standard on Cold Appliances: The British Case«, Energy Policy, Vol. 30 (2002), S. 327-332.
83 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 15, oben) Absatz g.7.
84 G. Wood und M. Newborough: »Dynamic Energy-consumption Indicators for Domestic Appliances: Environment, Behaviour and Design«, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 35 (2003), S. 821-841.
85 L. McClelland und S. Cook: »Energy Conservation Effects of Continuous In-home Feedback in All-electric Homes«, Journal of Environmental Systems, Vol. 9 (1980), S. 169-173; J. K. Dobson und J. D. Griffin: »Conservation Effect of Immediate Electricity Cost Feedback on Residential Con-sumption Behaviour, in: Proceedings ofthejth ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, ACEEE, Washington, D.C., 1992; beide erwähnt in G. Wood und M. Newborough: op. cit. (Anm. 84, oben).
86 A. Meyel: Low Income Households and Energy Conservation: Institutio-
374
nal, Behavioural and Housing Barriers to the Adoption of Energy Conser-vation Measures, Built Environment Research Group, Polytechnic of Central London, London 1987, erwähnt in G. Wood und M. Newborough: op. cit. (Anm. 84, oben).
87 Ontario Energy Board: »Smart Meter Initiative (RP-2004-oig6)«, 2005: http://www.oeb.gov.on.ca/html/en/industryrelations/ongoingproiects_ smartmeters.htm.
88 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 15, oben), Absatz 5.57.
89 http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/futurecurrents.
90 BrendaBoardman et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 23, oben), S. 84.
91 George Marshall, Climate Outreach Information Network, persönliche Mitteilung.
92 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 15, oben), Absätze 6.33-6.44.
5 Das Licht brennen lassen
1 Faust, Lines 10 216-10 219; deutsch: Faust, S. 289^
2 PB Power: The Cost ofGenerating Electricity, The Royal Academy of Engineering, London 2004, S. 13.
3 Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett und Janet Ramage (Hg.): Energy Systems and Sustainability, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003, S. 379.
4 Das Kernkraftwerk Sizewell B hat eine Kapazität von 1320 MW. David Mil-borrow: »The Practicalities of Developing Renewable Energy«, 10. Oktober 2003: http://www.bwea.com/pdf/DM-Lords-intermittency.pdf.
5 The Sustainable Development Commission: Wind Power in the UK, Mai 2005, S. 27: http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/ Wind_Energy-Nov Rev2005.pdf.
6 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: Energy- The Changing Climate, Juni 2000, Kapitel 8, Box 8B: http://www.rcep.org.uk/new energy.htm.
7 The British Wind Energy Association: »Power UK: Costs and Benefits of Large-scale Development of Wind-power«, März 2003: http://www.bwea. com/pdf/PowerUK-March2003-pagei7-25.pdf.
8 Brenda Boardman et al.: 40% House, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford 2005, S. 74.
9 Department of Trade and Industry: Energy Trends, 2005, S. 15: http://www. dti.gov.uk/files/file11881.pdf.
375
10 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 6, oben), Absatz 3.36.
11 Ibid., Absatz 3.38.
12 Bennett Daviss: »Coal Goes for the Burn«, New Scientist, 3. September 2005.
13 Greenpeace UK: »Decentralising Power: An Energy Revolution for the 2ist Century«, 2005, S. 26: http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/ FullReport/7i54.pdf.
14 US Energy Information Administration: »Country Analysis Brief: United Kingdom«, April 2005: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/United_King-dom/Background.html.
15 Bennett Daviss: op. cit. (Anm. 12, oben).
16 Ibid.
17 Das Department of Trade and Industry erklärt, dass »Kohle dank neuer Technologien, die weniger kosten und effizienter wirken, in Verbindung mit einem wachsenden Preisvorteil gegenüber Gas nach 2020 einen deutlich höheren Anteil an der Stromerzeugung in Großbritannien haben könnte«. Department of Trade and Industry: »A Strategy for Developing Carbon Abatement Technologies for Fossil Fuel Use«, 2005, S. 20: http:// www.dti.gov.uk/energy/coal/cfrt/catstrategy.shtml.
18 Robert L. Hirsch, Roger Bezdek und Robert Wendung: »Peaking Of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Risk Management«, US Department of Energy, Februar 2005, S. 34: http://www.hubbertpeak.com/us/ NETL/OilPeaking.pdf.
19 Christopher Adams: »Industry Feels Heat of Gas Price Surge«, Financial Times, 17. Februar 2006.
20 The Economist Intelligence Unit: »Ukraine Economy: Gas Trouble«, 17. Februar 2006: http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/02/17/13848g7. htm.
21 Zum Beispiel Martin Flanagan: »Call for Inquiry as Gas Pipe from Europe Runs Half Empty«, Scotsman, 30. Januar 2006.
22 Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology: »The Future of UK Gas Supplies«, Mitteilung Nr. 230, Oktober 2004: http://www.parliament.uk/ documents/upload/POSTpn230.pdf.
23 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 6, oben), Absatz 3.36.
24 George Monbiot: Brief an den New Scientist, 11. Juni 2005.
25 Global Business Environment, Shell International: »People and Con-nections: Global Scenarios to 2020«, 2002: http://www.shell.com/static/ media-en/downloads/peopleandconnections.pdf.
376
26 The Geological Society: »How to Plug the Energy Gap«, 10. November 2005: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/template.cfm?name=PR6o.
27 Olav Kaarstad, Statoil, zitiert von Reuters: »Norway Has Vast, Inaccessible Seabed Coal - Statoil«, 21. Dezember 2005.
28 The Geological Society: op. cit. (Anm. 26, oben).
29 Olav Kaarstad: op. cit. (Anm. 27, oben).
30 Bennett Daviss: op. cit. (Anm. 12, oben).
31 House of Lords Science and Technology Committee: »Renewable Energy: Practicalities«, 15. Juli 2004, Absatz 2.5: http://www.publications.parliament. uk/pa/ld200304/ldselect/ldsctech/i26/i26o2.htm.
32 Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 22, oben).
33 Dominion: »Underground Storage«, 2006: http://www.dom.com/about/ gas-transmission/storage.jsp.
34 Columbia Gas Transmission Corporation, DocketNo. CP05-144-000,2001: http://www.columbiagastrans.com/NewProjects/Hardy/Virginia%20Loo ping.htm.
35 Performance and Innovation Unit: »The Energy Review«, Februar 2002, Annex 6: http://www.number-10.gov.uk/su/energy/20.html.
36 Department of Trade and Industry: »A Strategy for Developing Carbon Abatement Technologies for Fossil Fuel Use«, 2005: http://www.dti.gov. uk/energy/coal/cfrt/catstrategy.shtml.
37 Fred Pearce: »Squeaky Clean Fossil Fuels«, NewScientist, 30. April 2005.
38 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 36, oben), S. 26.
39 Emma Young: »Burying the Problem«, New Scientist, 3. September 2005.
40 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 36, oben).
41 Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett und Janet Ramage (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 3, oben), S. 578.
42 Department of Trade and Industry: »Review of the Feasibility of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage in the UK«, 2005, S. 13: http://www.dti.gov. uk/files/file2i887.pdf.
43 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 36, oben) S. 28.
44 Bert Metz et al. (Hg.): »Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Summary for Policymakers«, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ohne Datum, Tabelle SPM.i, S. 9: http://www.ipcc.ch/activity/ccsspm.pdf.
45 Ibid., S. 13.
46 Ibid., S. 35.
47 Erwähnt von der Union of Concerned Scientists: »Policy Context of Geolo-gicCarbon Sequestration«, 2003: http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/ global_warming/GEO_CARBON_SEQ_for_web.pdf.
48 Hier sind einige Schätzungen:
377
Quelle Kosten pro t unterirdisch entsorgtes CO,
The Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas US-$ 40
Technologies, heute4' (£ 23)
UK government's Interdepartmental Analysts Group, £ 20-30 Schätzungen für 2020 oder 202550
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, US-$ 40-go
für Gasanlagen, heute5' (£ 23-52)
OECD/International EnergyAgency, heute52 US-$ 50-100
(£ 30-60)
Modellrechnung Imperial College MARKAL, Basis Gas, £ 50-55 Schätzungen für 2020 oder 202553
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, US-$ 40-270
für Kohleanlagen, heute54 (£ 23-160)
49 Erwähnt von Emma Young: op. cit. (Anm. 39, oben).
50 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben), S. 29.
51 Bert Metz etal. (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 44, oben), S. 17, Tabelle SPM.4.
52 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/International Energy Agency: Prospects for C02 Capture and Storage (OECD, Paris, Dezember 2004), erwähnt vom Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben).
53 Erwähnt vom Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben), S. 29.
54 Bert Metz et al. (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 44, oben), S. 17, Tabelle SPM.4 (gut sowohl für pulverisierte Kohle als auch für integrierte Vergasung).
55 Department of Trade and Industry: »Energy - Its Impact on the Environment and Society«, 2005, S. 43, Tabelle 4 (47M1C, multipliziert mit 3,667): http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file20263.pdf.
56 Bert Metz etal. (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 44, oben), S. 10.
57 E-Mail von Jonathan Gibbins, 27. September 2005.
58 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben).
59 Advanced Resources International: »Undeveloped Domestic Oil Resources: The Foundation for Increasing Oil Production and a Viable Domestic Oil Industry«, US Department of Energy, Februar 2006:
378
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/oilgas/publications/eor_co2/ Undeveloped_Oil_Document.pdf.
60 Paul Harris: »They Flattened this Mountaintop to Find Coal - and Created a Wasteland«, Observer, 16. Januar 2005.
61 Zum Beispiel http://www.ohvec.org/galleries/mountaintop_removal/007/ 43.html.
62 Department of Trade and Industry: »Review of the Feasibility of Underground Coal Gasification in the UK«, Oktober 2004, Executive Summary, S. 3: http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/coal/cfft/ucgfeasibilityreport.pdf.
63 Ibid., S. 5.
64 Ibid., S. 7.
65 US Energy Information Administration: op. cit. (Anm. 14, oben).
66 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 62, oben), S. 3.
67 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 6, oben), Absatz 8.31.
68 GeoffDuttonetal.: The Hydrogen Energy Economy: Its Long-term Role in Greenhouse Gas Reduction, Tyndall Centre Technical Report Nr. 18, Januar 2005, S. 42.
6g Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben), S. 33.
70 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/International Energy Agency: op. cit. (Anm. 52, oben), zusammengefasst vom Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben), S. 32.
71 New Economics Foundation: »Mirage and Oasis: Energy Choices in an Age of Global Warming«, 2g. Juni 2005: http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/ up!oads/sewyo355prhbgunpscr5id2W2go62OO508o838.pdf.
72 Greenpeace UK: op. cit. (Anm. 13, oben).
73 The Sustainable Development Commission: op. cit. (Anm. 5, oben).
74 Diese Staaten, mit Ausnahme von Israel, werden aufgeführt von Paul Leventhal in einem Artikel von William J. Broad: »Nuclear Weapons in Iran: Plowshare or Sword?«, The New York Times, 25. Mai 2004.
75 Wie Mordechai Vanunu gezeigt hat, wurde das israelische Waffenprogramm am Sitz der israelischen Atomenergiekommission in Dimona entwickelt, wo sich auch eins der beiden Kernkraftwerke des Landes befindet.
76 »EC Court Challenge to Sellafield«, BBC News Online, 3. September 2004: http://news.bbc.co.Uk/1/hi/england/cumbria/3623312.stm.
77 Rob Edwards: »Uranium Pond at Sellafield Sparks Court Threat by EU«, Sunday Herald, 28. März 2004.
78 »Legal Threat Over Sellafield Leak«, BBC News Online, 12. Juni 2005: http://news.bbc.co.Uk/1/hi/england/cumbria/4085224.stm.
379
79 David Ross: »Dounreay Admits Shaft Error«, Herald, 22. Mai 1997.
80 John Arlidge: »Fresh Scare on Nuclear Waste«, Guardian, 2. Februar 1998.
81 Es gibt eine interessante Diskussion über widersprüchliche Schätzungen in Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett und Janet Ramage (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 3, oben), S. 440.
82 Fräser King et al.: »Copper Corrosion under Expected Conditions in a Deep Geologie Repository«, Posiva Oy, Helsinki, Januar 2002: http://www. posiva.fi/raportit/POSIVA-2002-01.pdf.
83 Ibid.
84 Rob Edwards: »Politics Left UK Nuclear Waste Plans in Disarray«, NewSci-entist, 18. Juni 2005.
85 GeofFrey Lean: »Nuclear Waste: The 1,000-year Fudge«, Independent on Sunday, 12. Juni 2005.
86 Erica Werner: »Yucca Scientists Faked Records to Show Proof of Work«, Pahrump Valley Times, 6. April 2005: http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes. com/2005/04/06/news/ymprecords.html.
87 Anonym: »Pahrump Man in the Center of Yucca Dispute«, Pahrump Valley Times, 6. April 2005: http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2005/04/06/ news/ymprecords.html.
88 David Lowenthal, University College London: Brief an den New Scientist, 9. Juli 2005.
89 Nuclear Decommissioning Authority: »Approved Strategy For Clean-Up of UK's Nuclear Sites Published«, Pressemitteilung, 30. März 2006: http:// www.nda.gov.uk/documents/news_release_-_national.pdf.
90 Tim Webb und Robin Buckley: »British Energy has Come Back from the Brink, but How Long Will the Nuclear Frisson Last?«, Independent on Sunday, 20. Juni 2004.
gi Paul Brown: »Taxpayers« £i84m Aid to Private Energy Firm«, Guardian, 18. Juli 2005.
92 Bridget Woodman: »New Nuclear Power Plants 'Would Halt Move Towards Decentralized Renewable Sources'«, Energy World, November/Dezember 2005.
93 European Environment Agency: Energy Subsidies in the European Union: A Brief Overview, EEA, Kopenhagen 2004, S. 17: http://reports.eea.eu.int/ technical_report_2004_i/en/Energy_FIN AL_web.pdf.
94 New Economics Foundation: op. cit. (Anm. 71, oben), S. 36.
95 Ibid., S. 30.
96 Ibid.
97 European Environment Agency: op. cit. (Anm. 93, oben).
98 Oxera: »Financing the Nuclear Option: Modelling the Costs of New Build«,
380
Juni 2005, S. 4: http://www.oxera.com/cmsDocuments/Agenda_June% 2005/Financing%20the°/o2onuclear%2ooption.pdf. 99 Marshall Goldberg: »Federal Energy Subsidies: Not All Technologies are Created Equal«, Renewable Energy Policy Project, Juli 2000: http://www. crest.org/repp_pubs/pdf?subsidies.pdf.
100 Dwight D. Eisenhower: »Atoms for Peace«, Rede vor der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen, 8. Dezember 1953.
101 Ich beziehe mich hier insbesondere auf die Vorstellungen der Private Fi-nance Initiative, die ich in Captive State: The Corporate Takeover ofBri-tain, Macmillan, London 2000, gefunden habe.
102 Ofgem, persönliche Mitteilung.
103 Nuclear Energy Institute: »Nuclear Power Plants Maintain Lowest Produc-tion Cost for Baseload Electricity«, 3. September 2003: http://www.nei. org/index.asp?catnum=4&catid=5ii.
104 PB Power: op. cit. (Anm. 2, oben), S. 9.
105 Erwähnt in Performance and Innovation Unit: The Energy Review, Februar 2002, Absatz 42.
106 Performance and Innovation Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 105, oben), zusammen-gefasste Tabelle.
107 Erwähnt von Amory Lovins: »Nuclear Power: Economics and Climate-pro-tection Potential«, Rocky Mountain Institute, n. September 2005: http:// www.rmi.org/images/other/Energy/E05-08-NukePwrEcon.pdf.
108 New Economics Foundation: op. cit. (Anm. 71, oben), S. 37.
109 British Energy: »Sizewell B Power Station Marks 10 Years«, 14. Februar 2005: http://www.British-energy.com/article.php?article=23.
110 Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett und Janet Ramage (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 3, oben), S. 426f.
in World Nuclear Association: »Uranium availability«, 2003, Teil 3.3: http:// www. worId-nuclear.org/education/ne/ne3.htm3.3.
112 Jan van Leeuwen und Philip Smith: Nuclear Power: The Energy Balance, 6. August 2005 (6. Aufl.), Kapitel 2: http://www.st0rmsmith.nl/Chap_2_ Energy_Production_and_Fuel_costs_rev6.pdf.
113 Felix Preston und Paul Baruya: »Paper 8: Uranium Resource Availability«, TheRole ofNuclear Power in a Low Carbon Economy, Sustainable Development Commission, März 2006: http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publi cations/downloads/Nuclear-paper8-UraniumResourceAvailability.pdf.
114 The Sustainable Development Commission: TheRole ofNuclear Power in a Low Carbon Economy, SDC-Positionspapier, März 2006, S. 10: http://www. sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/SDC-NuclearPosition-2006.pdf.
381
115 Ibid.
116 The Sustainable Development Commission: »Paper 2: Reducing C02 Emissions - Nuclear and the Alternatives«, TheRole ofNuclear Power in a Low Carbon Economy (Sustainable Development Commission, März 2006): http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/Nuc lear-paper2-reducingCO2emissions.pdf.
117 World Nuclear Association: »Energy Balances and C02 Implications«, November 2005: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/infioo.htm.
118 Ibid.
119 Jan van Leeuwen und Philip Smith: op. cit. (Anm. 112, oben).
120 http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/infn.htm.
121 http://www.stormsmith.nl/References.pdf.
122 Tom Burke: Aussage vor dem House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee: »Keeping the Lights On: Nuclear, Renewables and Climate Change«, ig. Oktober 2005, Q69: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/ pa/cm2oo5o6/cmselect/cmenvaud/uc584-i/uc58402.htm.
123 Erwähnt von New Economics Foundation: op. cit. (Anm. 71, oben), S. 27.
124 E-Mail von Jennifer McGregor, Scottish and Southern Energy Group, 2. November 2005.
125 Nick Jenkins auf der Konferenz »Decarbonising the UK«, 21. September 2005, Church House, Westminster.
126 Jack Doyle: Taken fora Rjde: Detroits Big Three and the Politics of Pollution, Four Walls, Eight Windows, New York 2000, S. if.
127 Geoff Dutton etal.: op. cit. (Anm. 68, oben), S. 42.
6 Wie viel Energie können erneuerbare Quellen liefern?
1 Faust, Lines 259-262; deutsch: Faust, S. 14.
2 Die Technologie, die zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Quellen die meiste Energie verbraucht, ist die Photovoltaik. Aber sogar bei Solarstrom zahlt sich die eingesetzte Energie in nur zweieinhalb bis vier Jahren wieder aus. Erik Alsema und Evert Nieuwlaar: »Energy Viability of Photovoltaic Systems«: EnergyPolicy, Vol. 28 (2002), S. 999-1010.
3 Das House of Lords gibt für die Windkraft einen Amortisationszeitraum von 1,1 Jahren an, einschließlich der Installation und der Verbindung zum Netz. House of Lords Science and Technology Committee: »Renewable Energy: Practicalities«, 15. Juli 2004, Appendix 8, S. 105: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldseIect/ldsctech/ 126/12602.htm.
382
4 US Energy Information Administration: »Country Analysis Brief: United Kingdom«, April 2005: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/uk.html.
5 Energy Technology Support Unit: New and Renewable Energy: Prospects in the UKfor the 2fCentury: Supporting Analysis, ETSU, Harwell, 1999: http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/renewables/publications/pdfs/support.pdf.
6 Department of Trade and Industry: »Offshore Renewables - the Potential Resource«, 2005: http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/leg_and_reg/consents/ future_offshore/chp2.pdf.
7 Robert Gross, persönliche Mitteilung.
8 Energy Technology Support Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 5, oben), S. 171.
9 Department of Trade and Industry: op. cit. (Anm. 6, oben), S. 22.
10 Roberto Rudervall, J. P. Charpentier und Raghuveer Sharma: »High Vol-tage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission Systems: Technology Review Paper«, Weltbank und ABB, ohne Datum, S. 6: http://www.worldbank.org/ html/fpd/em/transmission/technology _abb.pdf.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid., S. 18.
13 ABB Group: »History of ABB's HVDC expertise«, 2005: http://www.abb.ee/global/abbzh/abbzh251.nsf!OpenDatabase&db=/ global/abbzh/abbzh250.nsf&v=553E&e=us&url=/global/seitp/ seitp202.nsf/o/7CFDgA3A74i6A383Ci256E86oo4o6F4F!OpenDocument.
14 David Milborrow: »Offshore Wind Rises to the Challenge«, Wind Power Monthly, April 2003, S. 51, erwähnt von Robert Gross: »Technologies and Innovation for System Change in the UK: Status, Prospects and System Re-quirements of Some Leading Renewable Energy Options«, Energy Policy, Vol. 32 (2004), S. 1905-1919.
15 Ibid.
16 Robert Gross: »Technologies and Innovation for System Change in the UK: Status, Prospects and System Requirements of Some Leading Renewable Energy Options«, Energy Policy, Vol. 32 (2004), S. 1905-1919.
17 Greenpeace, Estia und Solar Paces: »Concentrated Solar Thermal Power -Now«,September2005:http://www.solarpaces.org/o5ioo6%2oGreenpeace-C0ncentrated-S0lar-Thermal-P0wer-N0w-2005.pdf.
18 Ibid., S. 13.
19 Ibid., S. 27.
20 Fred Pearce: »Power of the Midday Sun«, New Scientist, 10. April 2004.
21 Greenpeace, Estia und Solar Paces: op. cit. (Anm. 17, oben).
22 Rachel Nowak: »Power Tower«, New Scientist, 31. Juli 2004.
23 Kosuke Kurokawa (Hg.): »Energy from the Desert- Feasibility of Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Power (VLS-PV) Systems«, IEA Task VIII, James and James Ltd, Mai 2003, zusammengefasst bei: http://jxj.baseio.ws/ magsandj/rew/2003_03/desert_power.html.
383
24 International Energy Agency: Electricity Information, IEA, Paris 2005, Teil I-1.3.
25 Kosuke Kurokawa (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 23, oben).
26 Ibid.
27 The Sustainable Development Commission: »Wind Power in the UK«, Mai 2005, S. 20: http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/ Wind_Energy-NovRev2005 .pdf.
28 National Grid Company, erwähnt von der Sustainable Development Commission: op. cit. (Anm. 27, oben), S. 23.
29 Ibid.
30 Siehe die sich abflachende Kurve auf Seite 31 bei Goran Strbac und Hex Energy Consulting: »Quantifying the System Costs of Additional Renew-ables in 2020: A Report to the Department of Trade and Industry«, Oktober 2002: http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/developep/080scar_report_v2_0.pdf.
31 Graham Sinden: »Diversified Renewable Energy Portfolios for the UK«, Präsentation auf der Konferenz »Diversified Renewable Strategy« des British Institute of Energy Economics, 22. September 2005. In diesem Bericht schätzt er die zusätzliche Kapazität auf 8 GW, hat sie jedoch inzwischen auf 6 GW korrigiert (persönliche Mitteilung).
32 Goran Strbac und Hex Energy Consulting: op. cit. (Anm. 30, oben), Tabelle 1, Seite ii: http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/developep/080scar_report_v2_o. pdf.
33 Robert Gross et al.: »The Costs and Impacts of Intermittency: An Assess-ment of the Evidence on the Costs and Impacts of Intermittent Generation on the British Electricity Network«, UK Energy Research Centre, April 2006.
34 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: Energy- The Changing Climate, Juni 2000, Absatz 8.54: http://www.rcep.org.uk/new energy.htm.
35 Robert Gross: op. cit. (Anm. 16, oben).
36 Goran Strbac und Hex Energy Consulting: op. cit. (Anm. 32, oben).
37 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 34, oben), Absatz 8.41.
38 Lewis Dale et al.: »Total Cost Estimates for Large-scale Wind Scenarios in the UK«, EnergyPolicy, Vol. 32 (2004), S. 1949-1956.
39 Hugh Sharman: »Why UK Wind Power Should Not Exceed 10 GW«, Civil Engineering, Vol. 158, November 2005, S. 161-169.
40 Ibid.
384
41 Ofgem, persönliche Mitteilung.
42 Performance and Innovation Unit: The Energy Review, Februar 2002, Annex 6, Absatz 40: http://www.number-10.gov.uk/su/energy/20.html.
43 Erwähnt von New Economics Foundation: »Mirage and Oasis: Energy Choices in an Age of Global Warming«, 29. Juni 2005: http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/uploads/ sewy0355prhbgunpscr51d2w29062005080838.pdf.
44 Performance and Innovation Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben), Absatz 38.
45 The Sustainable Development Commission: op. cit. (Anm. 27, oben), S. 27.
46 PB Power: The Cost of Generating Electricity, The Royal Academy of Engineering, London 2004, S. 45,47.
47 Ibid.
48 Performance and Innovation Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben), Absätze 55, 61.
49 The Sustainable Development Commission: op. cit. (Anm. 27, oben).
50 Performance and Innovation Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben), Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Ergebnisse.
51 Jake Chapman und Robert Gross: »Technical and Economic Potential of Renewable Energy Generating Technologies: Potentials and Cost Reduc-tions to 2020«, 2001: http://www.strategy.gov.uk/downloads/files/PIUh. pdf.
52 Ibid.
53 Performance and Innovation Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben), Absatz 40.
54 PB Power: op. cit. (Anm. 46, oben), S. 49.
55 Ibid.
56 Dave Andrews, Wessex Water: »How Diesels are Used to Provide Standing Reserve Services to the National Grid«, Präsentation auf der Konferenz: Open University »Wind Power and Renewables«, 11. Januar 2006.
57 Dave Andrews, Wessex Water: »The Availability Of Rapid Start Stand-by Generation And Its Potential Role in Coping With Intermittency Due to a Large Penetration of Renewables«, unveröffendichtes Papier, 4. Juli 2005.
58 Godfrey Boyle (Hg.): Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, S. 405.
59 Graham Sinden: op. cit. (Anm. 31, oben).
60 Dave Andrews: op. cit. (Anm. 56, oben).
61 Ibid.
62 Oxera: »The Non-Market Value of Generation Technologies«, Juni 2003, S. 14: http://www.0xera.c0.uk/0xera/publicnsf/images/DKIG-5NCERA/ $file/OXERAReport.pdf.
385
63 Graham Sinden: »Assessing the Costs of Intermittent Power Generation«, Präsentation bei der Intermittency Stakeholder Group, 5. Juli 2005.
64 Ibid.
65 Graham Sinden: op. cit. (Anm. 31, oben).
66 Zum Beispiel The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 34, oben), Absatz 8.57.
67 Aufgezinste inflationsbereinigte Zahlen. Zusammengestellt für Dave Andrews, persönliche Mitteilung.
68 House of Lords Science and Technology Committee: op. cit. (Anm. 3, oben), Absatz 7.21: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ ldselect/ldsctech/i26/i26o2.htm.
69 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 34, oben), Absatz 8.58.
70 Brenda Boardman et al.: 40% House, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, 2005, S. 39.
71 Gaia Vince: »Smart Fridges Could Ease Bürden on Energy Supply«, New Scientist, 30. Juli 2005.
72 Robert Gross: op. cit. (Anm. 16, oben).
73 UK Energy Research Centre: »An Assessment of Evidence on the Costs of Intermittent Power Generation: What is the Evidence on the Costs and Engineering Impacts of Intermittent Generation on the UK Electricity Network, and how Those Costs are Assigned?«, Zusammenfassung, Stakeholder Workshop, Imperial College, 5. Juli 2005.
74 Oliver Tickell: »Real-Time Pricing Initiative«, unveröffentlichtes Papier, 2005.
75 Ibid.
76 Suleiman Abu-Sharkh et al.: Microgrids: Distributed On-site Generadon, Tyndall Centre Technical Report No. 22, März 2005, S. 61.
77 Brenda Boardman et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 70, oben), S. 81.
78 Jeremy Woods, Robert Gross und Matthew Leach, Centre for Energy Policy and Technology: Innovation in die Renewable Heat Sector in die UK: Mat-kets, Opportunides and Barriers, Imperial College, London, Dezember 2003, S. 4: http://www.dti.gov.uk/renewables/policy/iceptinnovationbarriers.pdf.
79 Ibid., S. 5.
80 Ibid.
81 Jake Chapman und Robert Gross: op. cit. (Anm. 51, oben).
82 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: »Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source«, 2004: http://www.rcep.org.uk/biomass/Biomass%20 Report, pdf.
386
83 UN Food and Agriculture Organization: »Parameters, Units and Conver-sion Factors«, ohne Datum: http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr. asp?url_file=/docrep/oo7/J4504e/J4504eo8.htm.
84 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 34, oben), Absatz 7.76.
85 Fred Pearce: When the Rivers Run Dty, Eden Project Books, London 2006; deutsch: Wenn die Flüsse versiegen, Kunstmann, München 2007.
86 Erwähnt von Lord Whitty, Minister for Food, Farming and Sustainable Energy, ergänzendes Memorandum, 17. September 2003: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmselect/ cmenvfru/92g/3ogi509.htm.
87 Energy Technology Support Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 5, oben), S. 73.
88 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 34, oben), Absatz 3.47.
89 House of Lords Science and Technology Committee: op. cit. (Anm. 68, oben), Absatz 4.26.
90 Lord Sainsbury of Turville: Parlamentarische Antwort, 22. März 2004: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldhansrd/voo40322/ text/40322W03.htm.
gi Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 82, oben), Absatz 2.76.
92 Energy Technology Support Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 5, oben), Tabelle 8, S. 66.
93 UN Food and Agriculture Organization: op. cit. (Anm. 83, oben).
94 Energy Technology Support Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 5, oben), S. 66.
95 L. M. Maene: »Phosphate Fertilizer Production, Consumption and Trade: The Present Situation and Oudook to 2010«, Abhandlung, präsentiert beim iyth Sulphur Phosphate Symposium des Sulphur Institute, Boca Ra-ton, Florida, 17. bis 19. Januar 1999. L. M. Maene ist Generaldirektor der International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris. http://www.fertilizer. org/ifa/publicat/PDF/ig99_biblio_54.pdf.
96 Future Energy Solutions, AEA Technology: »Renewable Heat and Heat from Combined Heat and Power Plants«, April 2005, S. 46: http://www. defra.gov.uk/farm/acu/energy/fes-renewable-chp.pdf.
97 Ibid., S. 53.
98 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 34, oben), Absatz 3.43.
99 Future Energy Solutions, AEA Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 96, oben), S. 42.
100 New Economics Foundation: op. cit. (Anm. 43, oben), S. 23.
101 Future Energy Solutions, AEA Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 96, oben), S. 60.
387
7 Das Energie-Internet
1 Faust, Lines n072-11074; deutsch: Faust, S. 313.
2 Walt Patterson: »Keeping the Lights On«, Arbeitspapiere 1-3, The Royal Institute for International Affairs, März 2003: http://www.chathamhouse. org.uk/index.php?id=233.
3 Suleiman Abu-Sharkh et al.: Microgrids: Distributed On-site Generation, Tyndall Centre Technical Report No. 22, März 2005.
4 Greenpeace UK: »Decentralising Power: An Energy Revolution for the 2ist Century«, 2005: http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/ FullReport/7i54.pdf.
5 Erik Alsema und Evert Nieuwlaar: »Energy Viability of Photovoltaic Systems«, EnergyPolicy, Vol. 28 (2000), S. 999-1010.
6 Jeremy Leggett: HalfGone: Oil, Gas, Hot Air and the Global Energy Crisis, Portobello Books, London 2005, S. 201; deutsch: Peak Oil, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 2006.
7 Ibid., Anm. 253, S. 290.
8 Energy Technology Support Unit: New and Renewable Energy: Prospects in die UK for the 2ist Century-SupportingAnalysis, ETSU, Harwell 1999, S. 141.
9 Ibid., Abb. 1: PVResource-Cost Curve, S. 143.
10 Suleiman Abu-Sharkh etal.: op. cit. (Anm. 3, oben), S. 33.
11 Jake Chapman und Robert Gross: »Technical and Economic Potential of Renewable Energy Generating Technologies: Potentials and Cost Reduc-tions to 2020«, 2001: http://www.strategy.gov.uk/downloads/files/PIUh. pdf.
12 Suleiman Abu-Sharkh etal.: op. cit. (Anm. 3, oben), S. 53.
13 Robert Gross: »Technologies and Innovation for System Change in the UK: Status, Prospects and System Requirements of Some Leading Renewable Energy Options«, Energy Policy, Vol. 32 (2004), S. 1905-1919.
14 Department of Trade and Industry: Energy White Paper, 2003, ergänzende Anhänge, S. 7: http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/whitepaper/annexes.pdf.
15 http://www.etsap.org/markal/main.html.
16 Ofgem, persönliche Mitteilung.
17 Performance and Innovation Unit: The Energy Review, Februar 2002, Anhang 6, Absatz 40: http://www.number-10.gov.uk/su/energy/20.html.
18 Jeremy Leggett: »Here Comes the Sun«, NewScientist, 6. September 2003.
19 Die pessimistischere Zahl (35 Jahre) stammt von Jim Watson: »Co-Pro-vision in Sustainable Energy Systems: The Case of Microgeneration«, Energy Policy, Vol. 32 (März 2004), S. 1981-1990.
388
20 Energy Technology Support Unit: op. cit. (Anm. 8, oben), S. 133.
21 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: Energy- The Changing Climate, Juni 2003, Absatz 7.40: http://www.rcep.org.uk/newenergy.htm.
22 Godfrey Boyle (Hg.): Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, S. 76-82.
23 Jake Chapman und Robert Gross: op. cit. (Anm. II, oben).
24 Paul Gipe, zitiert von Nick Martin: »Can We Harvest Useful Wind Energy from the Roofs of Our Buildings?«, Building for a Future, Winter 2005/06, Sonderausgabe Windenergie, Tabelle 2.
25 Nick Martin: op. cit. (Anm. 24, oben), Tabelle 2.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Derek Taylor: »Potential Outputs from i-2m Diameter Wind Turbines«, Building for a Future, Winter 2005/06, Sonderausgabe Windenergie, Abb. 1.
29 Oliver Lowenstein: »Green Towers«, Building for a Future, Juni 2005.
30 Godfrey Boyle (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 22, oben), S. 284.
31 Chris Dunham, persönliche Mitteilung.
32 Mick Hamer: »Be a Power Broker in Your Own Home«, New Seientist, 14. Februar 2004.
33 Fred Pearce: »Generate and Seil Your Own Electricity«, New Scientist, 21. Juni 2003.
34 Department of Trade and Industry, Energy White Paper: »Our Energy Future - Creating a Low Carbon Economy«, 2003, Abatz 4.16.
35 Mick Hamer: op. cit. (Anm. 32, oben).
36 Future Energy Solutions, AEA Technology: »Renewable Heat and Heat from Combined Heat and Power Plants«, April 2005, S. 19: http://www. defra.gov.uk/farm/acu/energy/fes-renewable-chp.pdf.
37 Suleiman Abu-Sharkh et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 3, oben), S. 70.
38 Neil Crumpton, persönliche Mitteilung.
39 Ibid.
40 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/printV/UK.asp.
41 Department of Trade and Industry: Digest ofUK Energy Statistics, 2005: http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/dukes/.
42 Fred Pearce: op. cit. (Anm. 33, oben).
43 Future Energy Solutions, AEA Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 36, oben), S. 18.
44 Energy Saving Trust, Econnect and Element Energy: »Potential for Microgeneration: Final Report«, 14. November 2005: http://portal.est.org.uk/ uploads/documents/aboutest/Microgeneration%2oin°/o20the%2oUK0/o20 %2ofinal°/o2oreport%2oREVISED_executive%20summaryi.pdf.
389
45 Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett und Janet Ramage (Hg.): Energy Systems and Sustainability, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003, S. 371.
46 Future Energy Solutions, AEA Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 37, oben).
47 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: »Energy Efflciency«, 2005, Anhang 7 (Besuch in Deutschland): http://www.parliament.the-stationery-oflrice.co.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ ldsctech/2i/2i22.htm.
48 Future Energy Solutions, AEA Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 36, oben).
49 National Academy of Engineering: »The Hydrogen Economy: Opportuni-ties, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs«, 2004, Tabelle 4-1: http://www.nap. edu/books/o3ogo9i632/html/39.html.
50 GeoflfDutton et al.: The Hydrogen Energy Economy: Its Long-term Role in Greenhouse Gas Reduction, Tyndall Centre Technical Report Nr. 18, Januar 2005, S. 12.
51 National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 49, oben), Table 4-1.
52 Ibid.
53 Centre for Energy Policy and Technology: »Assessment of Technological Options to Address Climate Change«, Imperial College, London 2002, erwähnt in Godfrey Boyle (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 22, oben), S. 410.
54 Ibid.
55 Ofgem, persönliche Mitteilung.
56 Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett und Janet Ramage (Hg.): op. cit. (Anm. 45, oben), S. 591.
57 GeoflfDutton etal.: op. cit. (Anm. 49, oben), S. 13.
58 Ibid., S. 14.
59 National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 49, oben), S. 38: http:// darwin.nap.edu/books/0309091632/html/38.html.
60 Zhili Fengetal.: »V.A. Pipelines: V.A.i Hydrogen Permeability and Integrity of Hydrogen Transfer Pipelines«, US Department of Energy, 2005: http:// www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progresso5/v_a_1_feng.pdf.
61 National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 49, oben), S. 38: http:// darwin.nap.edu/books/0309091632/html/38.html.
62 Ibid., S. 39.
63 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 21, oben), Absatz 3.42.
64 National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 49, oben), S. 31: http:// www.nap.edu/openbook/0309091632/html/31.html.
65 Decarbonising the UK - Energy for a Climate Conscious Future, The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, 2005, S. 45: http://www.tyndall. ac.uk/media/news/tyndalldecarbonising_the_uk.pdf.
390
66 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 21, oben), Box 8D.
67 Anil Ananthaswamy: »Reality Bites for the Dream of a Hydrogen Eco-nomy«, NewScientist, 15. November 2003.
68 Ibid.
69 US Department of Energy: »President's Hydrogen Fuel Initiative«, 2006: http://wwwi.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/presidents_initiative. html.
70 Zum Beispiel http://www.bakuceyhan.org.uk/.
71 Suleiman Abu-Sharkh et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 3, oben).
72 Greenpeace UK: op. cit. (Anm. 4, oben), S. 5.
73 House of Lords Science and Technology Committee: »Renewable Energy: Practicalities«, 15. Juli 2004, Anhang n: http://www.publications.parlia ment.uk/pa/ld200304/ldselect/ldsctech/126/12602.htm.
74 Suleiman Abu-Sharkh etal.: op. cit. (Anm. 3, oben), S. g.
75 House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology: op. cit. (Anm. 47, oben), Absatz 2.14.
76 Greenpeace UK: op. cit. (Anm. 4, oben), S. 28.
77 International Energy Agency: »World energy investment oudook«, 2003, erwähnt von Greenpeace: op. cit. (Anm. 4, oben), S. 28.
8 Transportsystem
1 Faust, Line 7118; deutsch: Faust, S. 205.
2 Ilya Ehrenburg: The Life of the Automobile, Serpent's Tail, London iggg (ig2g), S. 175.
3 George Monbiot: Amazon Watershed, Michael Joseph, London iggi.
4 Stephen Khan: »Saboteurs Take Out 700 Speed Cameras«, Observer, 7. September 2003.
5 Vgl. Links auf der Seite http://www.abd.org.uk/.
6 Im Jahr ig38 sagte der britische Verkehrsminister Leslie Burgin: »Die Erfahrung meines Ministeriums zeigt, dass der Bau einer neuen Straße das Verkehrsaufkommen erhöht, nicht nur auf der neuen Straße, sondern auch auf der alten, die durch den Bau der neuen endastet werden sollte.« Zitiert vom Standing Advisory Committee on Trunk Road Assessment: »Trunk Roads and die Generation of Traffic«, Department for Transport, I9g4, Absatz 4.10, erwähnt auf http://www.cbc.org.nz/Resources/whycars.shtml.
7 Zitiert von Paul Brown: »Prescott Points to Buses in Fast Lane«, Guardian, 6. Juni igg7-
391
8 Department for Transport: Transport Statistics Great Britain, 2005, Oktober 2005, S. 121: http://www.dft.gov.uk/steIlent/groups/dft_transstats/ documents/downloadable/dft__transstats_60g987.pdf.
9 Department for Transport: The Futvre of Transport: Modelling and Anafysis, 2005, S. 10: http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_about/ documents/downloadable/dft_abou t_036814.pdf.
10 Ibid., Abb. 3.6, S. 9.
11 Department for Transport 2005, erwähnt in Transport 2000, 2006 - siehe Anm. 8.
12 Ibid.
13 Department for Transport: op. cit. (Anm. 9, oben), S. 6.
14 Department for Transport: »National Travel Survey 2003: Provisional Re-sults«, 2004: http://www.dft.gov.uk/pns/DisplayPN.cgi?pn_id=2004_oi03.
15 National Travel Survey, erwähnt in Transport 2000, 2006 - siehe Anm. 8.
16 Department for Transport/Office of National Statistics, 2005, erwähnt in Transport 2000, 2006 - siehe Anm. 8.
17 Department for Transport: op. cit. (Anm. 8, oben), S. 15.
18 Department for Transport: op. cit. (Anm. g, oben), Tabelle A3, S. 16.
19 Ibid., S. 11.
20 Sylviane de Saint-Seine: »Cars Won't make '08 C02 Goal«, Automotive News, 25. JuÜ2005: http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs. dll/article?AID= 20O50725/SUB/50725o857&SearchID=73238o30583873.
21 Department for Transport statistics: Dezember 2005, zusammengestellt von Road Block: http://www.roadblock.org.uk/press_releases/info/TPP/02 oand7o2olocal%20schemes%2oDeco5.xls.
22 David Jamieson, Verkehrsminister: Parlamentarische Antwort, Hansard column 786W, 8. Juli 2004: http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office. co.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/voo40708/text/40708wo5.htm.
23 Freight on Rail and TRANSform Scotland, Submission to the Freight Transport Inquiry by the Local Government and Transport Committee, Scottish Parliament, 2. Dezember 2005: http://www.freightonrail.org.uk/ ConsultationsLocalGovernmentandTransport.htm.
24 Freight on Rail: »Useful Facts and Figures«, 2005: http://www.freighton-rail.org.uk/FactsFigures.htm.
25 Alan Storkey: »A Motorway-based National Coach System«, 2005, erhältlich bei alan@storkey.com.
26 Ibid.
27 The Highway Code: erwähnt von Alan Storkey: op. cit. (Anm. 25, oben).
28 Alan Storkey: op. cit. (Anm. 25, oben).
29 Ibid.
392
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 AEA Technology: CAFE CBA: Baseline Analysis 2000 to 2020, April 2005, S. 109. Dort heißt es, dass 39470 Todesfalle durch chronische und 1320 durch akute Belastung mit verschmutzter Luft verursacht werden: http:// europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/cafe/activities/pdf/cba_baseline_ results2000_2020.pdf.
33 Ibid., S. 29.
34 http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html.
35 Alan Storkey: op. cit. (Anm. 25 oben).
36 Ibid.
37 Royal Academy of Engineering: »Transport 2050: The Route to Sustainable Wealth Creation«, März 2005: http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/ list/reports/Transport_2050.pdf.
38 Tim Collins MP: Hansard Column 1180, 9. Juli 2003: http://www.publica tions.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/voo3070g/debtext/30709-09.htm.
39 Alistair Darling, Secretary of State for Transport: Hansard Column 1181, 9. Juli 2003: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/ cmhansrd/voo30709/debtext/30709-09.htm.
40 Robert L. Hirsch, Roger Bezdek und Robert Wendung: »Peaking Of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Risk Management«, US Department of Energy, Februar 2005: http://www.hubbertpeak.com/us/NETL/ OilPeaking.pdf.
41 HM Treasury, Budget 2006, Kapitel 7, S. 17, Abb. 7.3: http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/20F/1D/budo6_ch7_1 61.pdf.
42 US Environmental Protection Agency: »Green Vehicle Guide«, 2006: http://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/all-rank-06.htm.
43 Toyota: »Toyota Displays Earth-friendly ES3 Concept Car at International Frankfurt Motor Show 2001«, 12. September 2001: http://www.toyota.co. jp/en/news/oi/ogi2.htmI.
44 Peugeot-Anzeige: »A New Number to be Reckoned With«, Daily Telegraph, 20. Oktober 1983, S. 9.
45 US Environmental Protection Agency: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben).
46 Sylviane de Saint-Seine: op. cit. (Anm. 20, oben).
47 The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders: »UK New Car Registra-tions by C02 Performance«, April 2005: http://lib.smmt. co.uk/articles/sharedfolder/Publications/C02Report°/o20 New.pdf.
48 Jeff Plungis: »Engineers Push Fuel Economy to Front Seat at Auto Summit«, Detroit News, n. April 2005: http://www.detnews.com/2005/autos insider/o504/i2/Aoi-i46552.htm.
393
49 Detroit News, 4. Juni 2003, erwähnt in Want to Know: »Car Mileage: 1908 Ford Model T - 25mpg; 2004 EPA Average All Cars - 2impg«, 11. Juli 2005: http://www.wanttoknow.info/050711carmileageaveragempg.
50 US Environmental Protection Agency: op. cit. (Anm. 42, oben), SUVs: http://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/suv-06.htm.
51 David Johns, zitiert in »Car Efficiency Figures 'Misleading'«, Guardian Un-limited, 26. Oktober 2005: http://money.guardian.co.uk/cars/story/o,ii944,i6oo94i,oo.html.
52 Ann Job: »Blame the Feds for Fuel Economy Figures that Don't Match Real World«, Detroit News, 19. Mai 2004.
53 Anonym: »Green Machines«, Which?, Mai 2006.
54 Paul Hawken, Amory B. Lovins und L. Hunter Lovins: NaturalCapitalism: TheNextIndustrialRevolution, Earthscan, London 1999, S. 24-32.
55 George W. Bush: »President Discusses Biodiesel and Alternative Fuel Sour-ces, Virginia BioDiesel Refinery, West Point, Virginia«, 16. Mai 2005: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050516.html.
56 White House: FY 2007 Budget, 2006: http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/ budget/2007/states/wy.html.
57 US House Committee on Energy and Commerce: »Energy Policy Act 2005: Summary«, 2006:
http://energycommerce.house.gov/108/home/Facts_Energy_Policy_Act_ 2005.pdf.
58 »Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the Promotion of the Use of Biofuels or Other Renewable Fuels for Transport«, OfRcial Journal of the European Union, 17. Mai 2005, Absatz 3, ib(ii): http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/doc/biofuels/ en_final.pdf.
59 Ibid., Absatz 17.
60 British Association for Biofuels and Oils: »Memorandum to the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution«, ohne Datum: http://www.bio diesel.co.uk/press_release/royal_commission_on_environmenta.htm.
61 Department for Transport: op. cit. (Anm. 8, oben), Tabelle 3.1, S. 50.
62 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs: »Crops for Energy Branch«, 17. November 2004, persönliche Mitteilung.
63 Ibid.
64 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs: »Agriculture in the UK 2003«, 2004: http://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/publications/auk/2003/ chapter3.pdf.
394
65 LesterR, Brown: The Agricultural Link: How Environmental Deterioraüon Could Disrupt Economic Progress, Worldwatch Paper 136, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D. C, 1997.
66 Friends of the Earth et al.: »The Oil for Ape Scandal: How Palm Oil is Threatening Orang-utan Survival«, Forschungsbericht, September 2005, S. 13: http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/oil_for_ape_full.pdf.
67 Ibid., S. 10.
68 Peter Aldhous: »Borneo is Burning«, Nature, Vol. 432 (n. November 2004), S. 144fr.
69 C S Tan: »All Plantation Stocks Rally«, Malaysia Star, 6. Oktober 2005: http://biz. thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2005/io/6/business/ I22438i9&sec=business.
70 David Bassendine: »Biofuel: A Self-defeating Policy?«, Brief an Michael Fallen MP, 8. Februar 2006: http://www.tonderai.co.uk/index.php/?p=32.
71 Zum Beispiel Tamimi Omar: »Felda to Set Up Largest Biodiesel Plant«, The Edge Daily, 1. Dezember 2005: http://www.theedgedaiIy.com/cms/con tent.jsp?id=com.tms.cms.article.Article_e5d7codg-cb73co3a-df4bfcood 453633e;
Zaidi Isham Ismail: »101 to Go It Alone on First Biodiesel Plant«, 7. November 2005: http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BT/Monday/Front page/2005 1107000223/Article/;
Anonym: »GHope Nine-month Profit Hits RM84imil«, 25. November 2005: http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2005/ii/25/business/ i2693859&sec=business;
Anonym: »GHope to Invest RM4omil for Biodiesel Plant in Netherlands«, 26. November 2005: http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2oo5/ n/26/business/i2704i87&sec=business;
Anonym: »Malaysia 101 Eyes Green Energy Expansion in Europe«, 23. No-vember2005:http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/33622/ story.htm.
72 Department for Transport: »Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) Feasibility Report«, November 2005: http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/ dft_roads/documents/page/dft_roads_6i032g-oi.hcspP.i8_263.
73 E4Tech, ECCM and Imperial College, London: »Feasibility Study on Certi-fication for a Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation: Final Report«, Juni 2005.
74 Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson und lan Skinner: Critical Issues in Decarbonising Transport: The Role of Technologies, Tyndall Centre, Arbeitspapier Nr. 36, Oktober 2003, S. 4: http://tyndall.e-collaboration.co. uk/publications/working_papers/wp36.pdf.
395
75 Anonym: »The Clean Green Energy Dream«, New Scientist Energy Special - Hydrogen, 16. August 2003.
76 Im Jahr 2005 berichtete Bush: »Wir haben schon 1,2 Milliarden Dollar in die Erforschung von Wasserstoffzellen gesteckt. Ich habe den Kongress gebeten, weitere 500 Millionen Dollar für die nächsten fünf Jahre zu bewilligen, damit Wasserstoffautos tatsächlich in den Handel kommen.« George W Bush: op. cit. (Anm. 55, oben).
77 National Academy of Engineering: »The Hydrogen Economy: Opportuni-ties, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs«, 2004, S. 64: http://darwin.nap.edu/ books/o30909i632/html/64.html.
78 Anonym: op. cit. (Anm. 75, oben).
79 Alison Pridmore und Abigail Bristow: The Role ofHydrogen in Powering Road Transpott, Tyndall Centre, Arbeitspapier Nr. 19, April 2002, S. 8.
80 Paul Hawken, Amory B. Lovins und L. Hunter Lovins: op. cit. (Anm. 54, oben), S. 26f.
81 D.R. Blackmore und A. Thomas (Hg.): FuelEconomy ofthe GasolineEngine, Wiley, New York 1977, S. 42, erwähnt von Byron Wine: http://byronw. wwwihost.com.
82 National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 77, oben), S. 4: http://www.nap.edU/books/0309091632/html/4.html.
83 National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 77, oben), S. 27: http://darwin.nap.edu/books/0309091632/html/27.html.
84 National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 77, oben), S. 37: http://darwin.nap.edu/books/0309091632/html/37.html.
85 GeoffDuttonetal.: The Hydrogen Energy Economy: Its Long-term Role in Greenhouse Gas Reduction, Technical Centre Technical Report No. 18, Januar 2005, S. 79.
86 National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 77, oben), S. 119: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309091632/html/11g.html.
87 National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 77, oben), Tabelle 5.1, S. 46: http://www.nap.edu/openbook/030gog1632/html/46.html.
88 Performance and Innovation Unit: The Energy Review, Februar 2002, Absatz 5.21: http://www.strategy.gov.uk/downloads/su/energy/TheEnergy-Review.pdf.
8g Decarbonising die UK - Energy for a Climate Conscious Future, The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, 2005, S. 77: http://www.tyndall. ac.uk/media/news/tyndall_decarbonising_the_uk.pdf.
go National Academy of Engineering: op. cit. (Anm. 77, oben), S. 83: http://darwin.nap.edu/books/030gog1632/html/83.html.
91 Anonym: op. cit. (Anm. 75, oben).
396
92 Lynn Sloman: Car Sich Solutions for Our Car-addicted Culture, Green Books, Totnes, Devon 2006.
93 Eine Untersuchung in Darlington von Werner Brög, erwähnt von Lynn Sloman: op. cit. (Anm. 92, oben), S. 55.
94 Lynn Sloman: op. cit. (Anm. 92, oben).
95 Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions: A New Deal for Transport: Better for Everyone, The Stationery Office, London 1998.
96 S. Cairns et al.: Smarter Choices - Changing the Way We Travel, Department for Transport, 2004, Kapitel 10 (Telearbeit): http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_susttravel/documents/page/ dft_susttravel_02g753.pdf.
97 Ibid.
98 Ibid.
99 J. Dodgson, J. Pacey und M. Begg: »Motors and Modems Revisited: The Role of Technology in Reducing Travel Demands and Traffic Congestion«, Bericht von NERA für das RAC Foundation and the Motorists Forum, 2000, erwähnt von S. Cairns etal.: op. cit. (Anm. 96, oben).
100 C. Geraghty: »How the Internet Can Help Ease Traffic Congestion«, Präsentation auf der Konferenz der British Telecom »Alternative Approaches to Congestion«, 26. Januar 2002, erwähnt von S. Cairns et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 96, oben).
101 S. Cairns et al.: Making Travel Plans Work: Research Report, Department for Transport, London 2002, erwähnt von S. Cairns et al.: Smarter Choices - Changing the Way We Travel, 2004, Kapitel g (Carsharing-Mo-delle):
http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_susttravel/documents/page/ dft_susttravel_02g730.pdf.
102 Ibid.
104 http://www.liftshare.org/stats.asp.
9 Liebesmeilen
1 Faust, Lines 10041-10042; deutsch: Faust, S. 285.
2 E-Mail von responsibletravel.com, 11. Oktober 2005.
3 http://www.responsibletravel.com/copy/copy100427.htm.
4 http://www.responsibletravel.com/Trip/Trip900467.htm.
397
7 http://www.responsibletravel.com/TripSearch/Ecotourism/ActivityCate goryiooo20.htm.
8 George Monbiot: No Man 's Land: An Investigative Journey through Kenya and Tanzania, Macmillan, London 1994; neu aufgelegt von Green Books, Totnes, Devon 2003.
9 Anita Roddick: »Travel diät Doesn't Cost the Earth«, Independent, 20. September 2005.
10 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: »The Environmental Effects of Civil Aircraft in Flight: Special Report«, 29. November 2002, Absatz 4.38: http://www.rcep.org.uk/aviation/av12-txt.pdf.
n Office of National Statistics and Department for Transport: »Car use in GB«, Personal Travel Factsheet No. 7, Januar 2003, S. 4.
12 Department of Transport: Standard constituent letter, 22. Dezember 2005, persönliche Mitteilung.
13 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Aviation and the Global At-mosphere: Executive Summary, 2001: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/ aviation/o64.htm.
14 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absatz 3.41.
15 Zum Beispiel Malcolm V. Lowe: »The Concorde May be History, but the Dream of Nonmilitary Supersonic Flight Still Lives«, 16. November 2004: http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/aviation/1303021.html.
16 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absatz 5.28.
17 Department of Trade and Industry: Energy: Its Impacton the Environment and Society, 2005, S. 23: http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file20263.pdf.
18 Office of National Statistics, erwähnt von Paul Brown und Larry Elliott: »Air Travel Mars UK's Green Strategy«, Guardian, 20. Mai 2005.
19 Office of National Statistics: »Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Down since 1990«, 19. Mai 2005: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=90i &Pos=6&ColRank=28cRank=i92.
20 Department for Transport, White Paper: »The Future of Air Transport«, Dezember 2003, S. 23: http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_aviation/ documents/page/dft_aviation_o3i5i6.pdf.
21
Ibid.
S. 150.
22
Ibid.
S.39.
23
Ibid.
S.39.
24
Ibid.
S. 10.
25
Ibid.
S. 150.
26
Ibid.
S. 154.
398
27 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absatz 2.24.
28 Zum Beispiel Friends of the Earth: »Aviation and the Economy«, Mai 2005: http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/aviation_and_the_economy.pdf.
29 House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee: »Environmental Audit-Third Report«, 2004, Absatz 12:
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/ cmenvaud/233/23305.htma5.
30 Ibid., Absatz 13.
31 John Vidal: »Heathrow Protesters Seek Help of Direct Action Group«, Guardian, 20. Februar 2006.
32 Alice Bows, Paul Upham und Kevin Anderson: »Growth Scenarios for EU and UK Aviation: Contradictions with Climate Policy«, Bericht für Friends of the Earth Trust Ltd, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change, 16. April 2005: http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/aviation_tyndall_research.pdf.
33 Ibid., S. iof.
34 Ibid., S. 12.
35 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absätze 4.17-4.35.
36 Alice Bows and Kevin Anderson: »Planned Growth in Aviation Contradicts Government Carbon Targets«, Climate Change Management, Vol. 12 (Januar 2004).
37 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: op. cit. (Anm. 13, oben).
38 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absatz 3.41.
39 Department for Transport: op. cit. (Anm. 20, oben), S. 172.
40 House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee: op. cit. (Anm. 29, oben), Absatz 15.
41 Civil Aviation Authority, 2004, erwähnt von Transport 2000 in »Facts and Figures: Aviation«: http://www.transport2000.org.uk.
42 MORI poll conducted for Freedom to Fly, Januar 2002, erwähnt von Friends of the Earth et al. in: »Aviation: The Plane Truth«: http://www.foe.co.uk/ resource/factsheets/aviation_myths.pdf.
43 HACAN/Clear Skies, 2005, erwähnt von Transport 2000 in: »Facts and Figures: Aviation«: http://www.transport2000.org.uk/.
44 Department for Transport: op. cit. (Anm. 20, oben), S. 40.
45 House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee: op. cit. (Anm. 29, oben), Absatz 49.
46 ACARE, erwähnt von House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee: op. cit. (Anm. 29, oben).
399
47 Decarbonising the UK - Energy for a Climate Conscious Future, The Tyn-dall Centre for Climate Change Research, 2005, S. 50: http://www.tyndall. ac.uk/media/news/tyndall_decarbonising_the_uk.pdf.
48 Ibid.
49 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absatz 4.21.
50 Ibid., Absätze 3.48 und 4.22.
51 Ulrich Schumann, 27. November 2000: »Report on the European Workshop >Aviation, Aerosols, Contraiis and Cirrus Clouds< (A2C3), Seeheim bei Frankfurt/Main, 10.-12. Juli 2000«, 27. November 2000: http://www.aero-net.org/a2c3/a2c3_summary.pdf.
52 Avions de Transport Regional: »The Latest Generation Turboprop: The Green Power of Tomorrow«, ohne Datum: http://www.atraircraft.com/ downl/The0/o20green°/o2opower0/o20of°/o20tomorrow.pdf.
53 Department for Transport: op. cit. (Anm. 12, oben).
54 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absatz 4.15.
55 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absatz 4.16.
56 Ibid., Absatz 4.32.
57 Decarbonising the UK ...:op. cit. (Anm. 47, oben), S. 50.
58 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absatz 3.43.
59 Bob Saynor, Ausilio Bauen und Matthew Leach, Centre for Energy Policy and Technology: »The Potential for Renewable Energy Sources in Aviation«, 7. August 2000, Imperial College, London: http://www.iccept.ic.ac. uk/pdfs/PRESAV°/o2ofinal7o2oreport%2003Sepo3.pdf.
60 Ibid., S. 20.
61 Ibid., S. 23.
62 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: op. cit. (Anm. 10, oben), Absatz 4.27.
63 Ibid., Absatz 3.47.
64 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Aviation and the Global At-mosphere: Summary for Policymakers, 2001: http://www.grida.no/climate/ ipcc/aviation/oio.htm.
65 Department for Transport: op. cit. (Anm. 20, oben), S. 40.
66 Raiiway Gazette International: »2005 World Speed Survey Tables«, 1. Dezember 2005: http://www.railwaygazette.com/Articles/2005/11/01/1222/ 2005+World+Speed+Survey+tables.html.
67 Central Japan Railway Company: »Successful Development of the World's Highest-performance High-temperature Superconducting Coil«, ohne Datum: http://jr-central.co.jp/eng.nsflenglish/bulletin/$FILE/vol46-tokai.pdf.
400
68 RailwayGazette International: op. cit. (Anm. 66, oben).
69 Zum Beispiel Martin Wainwright: »Hovertrain to Cut London-Glasgow Time to Two Hours«, Guardian, 9. August 2005.
70 UK Ultraspeed: »500km/h Ground Transport for Britain«, ohne Datum: http://www.500kmh.com/index.html.
71 Central Japan Railway Company: »Chuo Shinkansen«, ohne Datum: http:// jr-central.co.jp/eng.nsf/english/chuo_shinkansen.
72 Anonym: »Shanghai Maglev Gets Official Nod of Approval«, China Daily, 27. April 2006: http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/1669n.htm.
73 Eddie Barnes: »Scottish Deputy First Minister Backs Glasgow-Edinburgh Link«, Scotlandon Sunday, 27. November 2005.
74 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_levitation_train.
75 UK Commission for Integrated Transport: »High-speed Rail: International Comparisons«, 9. Februar 2004, Abb. 4.1, S. 33: http://www.cfit.gov.uk/ docs/2004/hsr/research/pdf/chapter4.pdf.
76 Roger Kemp: »Transport Energy Consumption«, Lancaster University, 10. September 2004: http://www.engineering.lancs.ac.uk/research/download/ Transport0/o2oEnergy°/o2oConsumption0/o2oDiscussion0/o2oPaper.pdf.
77 Roger Kemp: »Environmental Impact of High-speed Rail«, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 21. April 2004: http://www.engineering.lancs.ac. uk/research/download/Environmental°/o2oimpact.pdf.
78 Martin Wainwright: op. cit. (Anm. 69, oben).
79 Roger Kemp: op. cit. (Anm. 77, oben).
80 http://www.bgtgroup.com/marine_turbine.htm.
81 http://www.cunard.com/OnBoard/defauIt.asp?OB=QE2&sub=sp.
82 George Marshall, persönliche Mitteilung.
83 Roger Kemp: »Four 8,000kW diesel engines propelling fewer than 1,000 passengers [gives] (at best) 4 x 8,000/(1,000 x 30) = ikWh/passenger mile. A similar calculation for the London-Edinburgh trains which have around 500 seats and use 3,000kW at 125 mph gives 3,000/(500 x 125) = 0.05kWh/ passenger-mile«, persönliche Mitteilung.
84 Tim Thwaites: »Slippery Ships Float On Thin Air«, NewScientist, 18. Februar 2006.
85 http://skysails.info/index.php?L=i.
86 Alice Bows, Kevin Anderson und Paul Upham: Contraction and Conver-gence: UK Carbon Emissions and the Implications for UKAir Trafßc, Tyn-dall Centre Technical Report No. 40, Februar 2006, S. 23: http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/research/theme2/final_reports/t3_23.pdf.
401
87 Kevin Anderson, persönliche Mitteilung.
89 http://www.planestupid.com.
10 Virtuelle Einkäufe
1 Doctor Faustus, S. 42; deutsch: Die tragische Historie vom Doktor Faus-tus, S. 55.
2 George Monbiot: Captive State: The Corporate Takeover ofBritain, Mac-millan, London 2000, S. 176.
3 Nigella Lawson: How to Fat, Chatto and Windus, London 1998, S. 47.
4 Robert Hogg und Henry Graves Bull: The HerefordshirePomonaJakeman & Carver, Hereford 1876.
5 HenryIV, Part 1, Act III, Scene III.
6 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: »Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source«, 2004, Tabelle 3.1, S. 38: http://www.rcep.org.uk/biomass/ Biomass%2oReport.pdf.
7 J Sainsbury PLC: »Sainsbury's Breathes Life into Greenwich Peninsula«, Pressemitteilung, 14. September 1999: http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/ reports/eri998/whatsnew.htm.
8 Ibid.
9 Anrufe und E-Mails von Matthew Prescott an J Sainsbury, 20. Dezember 2005, 29. Dezember 2005 und g. Januar 2006.
10 J Sainsbury PLC: op. cit. (Anm. 7, oben).
11 Ibid.
12 Nick Martin: »Can We Harvest Useful Wind Energy from the Roofs of Our Buildings?«, Building fora Future, Winter 2005/06, Sonderausgabe Windenergie, Tabelle 2.
13 DepartmentforTransport: »TransportStatistics Bulletin«, 2005, Abschnitt 7, Tabelle 7.1: http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_transstats/docu ments/page/dft_ transstats_03g338.pdf.
14 Ibid., Tabelle 7.2.
15 Greg Palast: The Best Democracy Money Can Buy, Constable and Robinson Ltd, London, 2003, S. 279^ 285.
16 Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions: A New Deal for Transport: Better for Everyone, The Stationery Office, London igg8.
17 S. Cairns etal.: Smarter Choices-Changing the Way We Travel, Department for Transport, 2004, Kapitel 12 (Home Shopping): http://www.dft.gov.uk/ stellent/groups/dft_susttravel/documents/page/dft_susttravel_029756.pdf.
402
18 Ibid., S. 305.
19 Tesco Customer Services: 6. April 2006, persönliche Mitteilung.
20 http://www.tesco.com/help/page.asp?choiceA=groc&choiceB=5.
21 Rob Scott McLeod: »Ordinary Portland Cement«, Building for a Future, Herbst 2005.
22 Ernst Worrell et al.: »Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement Industry«, Annual Review of Energy and Environment, Vol. 26 (2001),
S. 303-3*9-
23 Ibid.
24 David Ireland: »The Green House Effect«, Guardian, 5. Mai 2005.
25 Ernst Worrell etal.: op. cit. (Anm. 22, oben).
26 Rob Scott McLeod: op. cit. (Anm.21, oben).
27 Fred Pearce: »The Concrete Jungle Overheats«, New Scientist, 19. Juli 1997.
28 David Pocklington: British Cement Association, persönliche Mitteilung.
29 Fred Pearce: op. cit. (Anm. 27, oben).
30 Ernst Worrell et al.: op. cit. (Anm. 22, oben).
31 Jon Gibbins et al.: »Scope for Future C02 Emission Reductions from Elec-tricity Generation through the Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies«, Vortrag auf der Konferenz »Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change«, Meteorological Office, Exeter, 1. bis 3. Februar 2005.
32 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 2001: Wor-kingGroupIII-Mitigation, Section 3.5.3.5: Material Efficiency Improve-ment: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/109.htm.
33 Rob Scott McLeod: op. cit. (Anm. 21, oben).
34 Autociaved Aerated Concrete: »The Material Aircrete (Autociaved Aerated Concrete, AAC) and How to Make It, ohne Datum: http://www.pb-aac.de/ basemat.html.
35 David Olivier, Energy Advisory Associates: Brief an Building for a Future, Winter 2005/06.
36 Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everett und Janet Ramage (Hg.): Energy Systems and Sustainability, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003, Box 3.2, S. 106.
37 Portland Cement Association: »High Strength Concrete«, ohne Datum: http://www.cement.org/basics/concreteproducts_histrength.asp.
38 D. J. Gielen: »Building Materials and C02: Western European Emission Re-duction Strategies«, Nedierlands Energy Research Foundation, 1997, S. 55: http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/19g7/cg7065.pdf.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid., S. 60.
41 Michael Judge: »Our Flexible Friend«, New Scientist, 10. Mai 1997.
42 Gayle M. B. Hanson: »Like a Rock ... Only Härder: Process for Making New Building Material«, Insighton the News, 4. August 1997.
43 Michael Judge: op. cit. (Anm. 41, oben).
44 Supramics: »Better, Cheaper, Faster... and Cleaner«, Pressemitteilung, 21. Mai 1996: http://www.supramics.com/press/supressi.html.
45 Michael Judge: op. cit. (Anm. 41, oben).
46 Supramics: op. cit. (Anm. 44, oben).
47 Telefongespräch mit Roger Jones, Supramics, 7. April 2006.
48 Los Alamos National Laboratory: »Los Alamos Paves the Way for Better Cement«, 27. Januar 2007: http://www.supramics.com/press/lanl.html.
49 TecEco Pty Ltd: »Eco-cement«, ohne Datum: http://www.tececo.com/simple.eco-cement.php.
50 John Harrison, TecEco, zitiert von Fred Pearce: »Green Foundations«, New Scientist, 13. Juli 2002.
51 Benjamin Herring: »The Secrets of Roman Concrete«, Constructor, September 2002: http://www.romanconcrete.com/ArticleiSecrets.pdf.
52 Geopolymer Institute: »Cements, Concretes, Toxic Wastes, Global War-ming«, ohne Datum: http://www.geopolymer.org/what_is_a_geopolymer/ geopoly_vs_portland_ cement.html.
53 Zongjin Li, Zhu Ding und Yunsheng Zhang: »Development of Sustainable Cementitious Materials«, in: Proceedings ofthe International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology, Beijing, China, Mai 2004, S. 55-76: http://www.cptechcenter.org/publications/sustainable /lisustainable.pdf.
54 Rob Scott McLeod: op. cit. (Anm. 21, oben).
55 Geopolymer Institute: op. cit. (Anm. 52, oben).
56 CSIRO: »Geopolymers: Building Blocks of the Future«, ohne Datum: http://www.csiro.au/csiro/content/standard/ps19e,,.html.
57 Zongjin Li, Zhu Ding und Yunsheng Zhang: op. cit. (Anm. 53, oben).
11 Apokalypse verschoben
1 Doctor Faustus, S. 33; deutsch: Die tragische Historie vom Doktor Faus-tus, S. 32.
2 David R. Criswell, University of Houston: »Lunar Solar Power System: Industrial Research, Development and Demonstration«, World Energy Council, 18. Kongress, Buenos Aires, Oktober 2001: http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/ i8th_Congress/dsessions/ds2/ds2_i7.asp.
3 Zum Beispiel A. Gnanadesikan, J. L. Sarmiento und R. D. Slater: »Effects of Patchy Ocean Fertilization on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Biological Production«, GlobalBiogeochemistry Cycles, Vol. 17 (2003), S. 1050.
4 The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution: Energy- The Changing Climate, Juni 2000, Absatz 3.26: http://www.rcep.org.uk/newenergy. htm.
5 Marina Murphy: »The Wright Wind Scrubbers: First Prototype«, Chemistry and Industry, 5. April 2004: http://www.chemind.org/CI/viewissue.jsp? dateOflssue=2O04-04-05¤tIssue'iype=News&pt=CI.
6 Michael Behar: »How Earth-scale Engineering Can Save the Planet«, Populär Science, Juni 2005: http://www.popsci.com/popsci/aviationspace/ 3afd8cag27do50iovgnvcmiooooo4eecbccdrcrd/4.html.
7 Paul Rincon: »Plan to Build emissions scrubber«, BBC News Online, 13. April 2004: http://news.bbc.co.Uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3612739.stm.
8 Liz Tilley, Global Research Technologies, n. April 2006, persönliche Mitteilung.
g Anonym: »A Mirror to Cool the World«, New Scientist, 27. März 2004. 10 Michael Behar: op. cit. (Anm. 6, oben), n Anonym: op. cit. (Anm. 9, oben).
12 Kenneth Deffeyes, zitiert von Bob Holmes und Nicola Jones: »Brace Your-self for the End of Cheap Oil«, New Scientist, 2. August 2003.
13 US Geological Survey: »World Petroleum Assessment 2000: Executive Summary«, 2000: http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-060.
14 Matthew Simmons: Twilight in die Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and die World Economy, Wiley, New York 2005.
15 Energy Intelligence: »High Oil Prices: Causes and Consequences«, 2005: http://www.energyintel.com/datahomepage.asp?publication_id=65.
16 Jean Laherrere: »Is USGS 2000 Assessment Reliable?«, 2. Mai 2000: http:// energyresource2000.com.
17 Robert L. Hirsch, Roger Bezdek und Robert Wendung: »Peaking Of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Rjsk Management«, US Department of Energy, Februar 2005: http://www.hubbertpeak.com/us/NETL/ OilPeaking.pdf.
18 John Lothrop Motley: TheRiseofdieDutch Republic, 1855, Teil 2, Kapitel ii: http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=6o &cid=n.
19 Larry Lohmann: »Marketing and Making Carbon Dumps: Commodifica-tion, Calculation and Counterfactuals in Climate Change Mitigation«, Science as Culture, Vol. 14 (September 2005), S. 203-235.
20 Siehe Kevin Smith et al.: Hoodwinked in the Hotiiouse: The G8, Climate Change and Free Market Environmentalism, Transnational Institute BriefingSeries, 30. Juni 2005: http://www.tni.org/reports/ctw/hothouse. pdf.
21 Esteve Corbera: »Bringing Development into Carbon Forestry Markets: Challenges and Outcomes of Small-scale Carbon Forestry Activities in Mexico«, in: D. Murdiyarso und H. Herawati (Hg.): Carbon Forestry: Who Will Benefit?, Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesien, 2005.
22 Robert B. Jackson et al.: »Trading Water for Carbon with Biological Carbon Sequestration«, Science, Vol. 310, 23. Dezember 2005, S. 1944-1947.
23 Mark Broadmeadow und Robert Matthews: »Forests, Carbon and Climate Change: The UK Contribution«, Juni 2003, S. 3: http://www.forestry.gov. uk/pdf/fcino48.pdf/$FILE/fcino48.pdf.
#
Dank
Ohne die Hilfe der nachfolgend genannten Personen hätte ich dieses Buch nicht schreiben können:
meine Frau Angharad Pen-rhyn Jones, mein Rechercheur Dr. Matthew Prescott, meine Assistentin Sandy Kennedy, meine Agenten Antony Harwood und James Macdonald Lockhart sowie meine Lektorin Helen Conford.
Außerdem habe ich mich stark auf die folgenden Experten verlassen, die mir großzügig ihre Zeit zur Verfügung gestellt haben, in dieser Reihenfolge:
Dave Andrews, Graham Sinden, Robert Gross, Simon Bowens, George Marshall, Mark Lynas, Andrew Warren, Oliver Tickeil, Richard Starkey, Stephen Joseph, Paul Allen, Roger Kemp, Brenda Boardman, Becca Lush, Byron Wine, Neil Crumpton, Norbert Hirschhorn, Kevin Anderson, Norman Myers, Stuart Croft, Sammy Daniel, Sarah Keay-Bright, Alice Bows, Jonathan Gibbins, Rajat Gupta, David Hirst, Walt Patterson, Mayer Hillman, Andrew Simms, Thomas Aldrian, Mark Barrett, Robert Webb, Dieter Helm, Lex Waspe, Jim Skea, John Loughhead, Les Harding, Mark Partington und Ian Gazley.
Ihnen allen danke ich sehr herzlich.
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George Monbiot 2006 Heat Hitze Burning
