Anmerkungen
zu Kapitel 7 (Kindheit und kulturelle Evolution)
345-353
1 Alexandra Maryanski und Jonathan H. Turner: The Social Cage: Human Nature and the Evolution of Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992, S. 2.
2 Teilweise ist die kleine Statur der afrikanischen Pygmaen genetisch bedingt, teilweise durch die Ernahrung; vgl. Barry Bogin: »The Tall and the Short of It«, Discover, Februar 1998, S. 43.
3 Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza und Francesco Cavalli-Sforza: The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1995, S. 97.
4 James V. Neel: »Some Base Lines for Human Evolution and the Genetic Implications of Recent Cultural Development*, in: Donald J. Ortner (Hg.): How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press 1983, S. 82.
5 Ernst Mayr: This Is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1997, S. 75.
6 Leslie White: The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome. New York: McGraw-Hill 1959, S. 283-286.
7 Allen W. Johnson und Timothy Earle: The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1987, S. 15.
8 Timothy Earle: »The Evolution of Chiefdoms«, in: Timothy Earle (Hg.): Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991, S.4.
9 C. R. Hallpike: The Principles of Social Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1988, S. 237-238.
10 Brian Hayden: »Pathways to Power: Principles for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities*, in: F. Douglas Price und Gary M. Feinman (Hg.): Foundations of Social Inequality. New York: Plenum Press 1995, S. 74; Hayden betont die zentrale Rolle der »nichtnutzbringenden, >ri-tuellen< und festlichen Aktivitaten [in] der kulturellen Evolution«.
11 Jared Diamond: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 1997.
12 David S. Landes: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: W. W Norton & Co. 1998, S. 6-14.
13 A. L. Beier, David Cannadine und James M. Rosenheim (Hg.): The First Modern Society: Essays in English History in Honour of Lawrence Stone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1990.
14 Ebda., S. 213-230; Vivian C. Fox: »Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England«, The Journal of Psychohistory 23 (1996): 286-306.
15 John W. M. Whiting und Irving L. Child: Child Training and Personality. New Haven: Yale University Press 1953, S. 310; Eleanor Hallenberg Chasdi (Hg.): Culture and Human Development: The Selected Papers of John Whiting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994, S. 90; Robert A. LeVine: Culture, Behavior, and Personality: An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Psychosocial Adaptation. New York: Aldine Publishing Co. 1982, S. 57.
16 Margaret Mead: Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow 1935.
17 Ebda., S. 145.
18 Allen W. Johnson und Timothy Earle: The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1987, S. 254.
19 Gilbert Gottlieb: Individual Development and Evolution: The Genesis of Novel Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press 1992.
20 Gerald M. Edelman: Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books 1992; Allan N. Schore: Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1994, S. 253.
21 Gilbert Gottlieb: Individual Development & Evolution: The Genesis of Novel Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press 1992; Gilbert Gottlieb: Synthesizing Nature-Nurture: Prenatal Roots of Instinctive Behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1997; Bruce H. Lip-ton: »Adaptive Mutation: A New Look At Biology: The Impact of Maternal Emotions on Genetic Development*, Touch the Future, Fruhling 1997, S. 4-6; Richard C. Strohman: »Epige-nesis and Complexity: The Coming Kuhnian Revolution in Biology«, Nature Biotechnology 15 (1997): 194-200; Eva Jablonka und Marion J. Lamb: Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1995; Mae-Wan Ho und Peter T. Saunders (Hg.): Beyond Neo-Darwinism: An Introduction to the New Evolutionary Paradigm. New York: Academic Press 1984; Richard Milton: The Facts of Life: Shattering the Myth of Darwinism. London: Fourth Estate 1992.
22 Gilbert Gottlieb: »Normally Occurring Environmental and Behavioral Influences on Gene Activity: From Central Dogma to Probabilistic Epigenesis«, Psychological Review 105 (1998): 792.
23 Ebda., S. 794.
24 Gilbert Gottlieb: Individual Development and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press 1987, S. 254.
25 Debra Niehoff: The Biology of Violence: How Understanding the Brain, Behavior, and Environment Can Break the Vicious Circle of Aggression. New York: The Free Press 1999, S. 51.
26 Richard B. Carter: Nurturing Evolution: The Family As a Social Womb. Lanham: University Press of America 1993, S. xxxvii.
27 Bruce H. Lipton: »The Biology of Consciousness«, Vorlesung an der University of British Columbia, 7. Mai 1995.
28 Ronald Kotulak: Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries of How the Mind Works. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel 1996, S. 82-85.
29 Alain Prochiantz: How the Brain Evolved. New York: McGraw-Hill 1992, S. 41.
30 Antonio R. Damasio: The Felling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace & Co. 1999, S. 7.
31 Henry Plotkin: Evolution in Mind: An Introduction to Evolutionary Psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1998, S. 231.
32 Jane Beckman Lancaster: Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1975, S. 23. Uber die eingeschrankte Rolle der mannlichen Ma-kaken in der Kinderfursorge vgl. David Taub: »Female Choice and Mating Strategies Among Wild Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus L.)«, in: D. Lundburg (Hg.): The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold 1980, S. 335.
33 Alexandra Maryanski: »African Ape Social Networks«, in: James Steele und Stephen Shennan (Hg.): The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: Power, Sex and Tradition. London: Routledge 1996, S. 77-79.
34 Richard Goldschmidt: »Some Aspects of Evolution«, Science 78 (1933): 539-547.
35 Lloyd deMause: »The Role of Adaptation and Selection in Psychohistorical Evolution«, The Journal of Psychohistory 16 (1989): 355-372.
36 Howard S. Levy: Chinese Footbinding: The History of a Curious Erotic Custom. London: Neville Spearman 1978; Jicai Feng: The Three-Inch Golden Lotus. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 1994, S. 52; Lloyd deMause: »The Universality of Incest«, The Journal of Psycho-history 19 (1991): 151.
37 Arthur S. Wolf und Chieh-shan Huang: Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845-1945. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1980, S. 8; Margery Wolf und Roxane Witke (Hg.): Women in Chinese Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1975; Ching-li How: Journey in Tears: Memory of a Girlhood in China. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1978; Margery Wolf: Women and the Family in Rural Taiwan. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1972, S. 69.
38 David S. Landes: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: W. W Norton & Co. 1998, S. 342.
39 Lloyd deMause: »The Universality of Incest«, The Journal of Psychohistory 19 (1991): 160-163; Cathy Joseph: »Compassionate Accountability: An Embodied Consideration of Female Genital Mutilation«, The Journal of Psychohistory 24 (1996): 2-17.
40 Geza Roheim: »The Evolution of Culture«, in: Bruce Mazlish (Hg.): Psychoanalysis and History. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeJiall 1963, S. 84.
41 C. R. Hallpike: The Principles of Social Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1988, S. 277.
42 A. Terry Rambo: »The Study of Cultural Evolution«, in: A. Terry Rambo und Kathleen Gil-logly (Hg.): Profiles in Cultural Evolution: Papers from a Conference in Honor of Elman R. Service. Ann Arbor: Anthropological Papers, Nr. 85, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan 1991, S. 43.
43 Richard M. Restak: »Possible Neurophysiological Correlates of Empathy«, in: Joseph Lichten-berg, Melvin Bornstein und Donald Silver (Hg.): Empathy I. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press 1984, S. 70.
44 Vgl. Jean Briggs: Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1970.
45 Gerald M. Edelman: Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books 1992.
46 Valerie Fildes: Breasts, Bottles and Babies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 1986.
47 Thomas Muffett: Healths Improvement. London: T. Newcomb 1655, S. 119.
48 Maria Piers: Infanticide. New York: Norton 1978, S. 52.
49 F. M. Mission: Memoirs and Observations in His Travels Over England. London 1719, S. 33.
50 Lloyd deMause (Hg.): The History of Childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press 1974, S. 51-53.
51 Ralph Frenken: Studien zur Eltern-Kind-Beziehung anhand deutscher Autobiographien des 14. bis 17. Jahrhunderts: Ein Beitrag zur psychogenetischen Geschichte der Kindheit, ersch. in Kiir-ze; Ute Schuster-Keim und Alexander Keim: Zur Geschichte der Kindheit bei Lloyd deMause; Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang 1988; Friedhelm Nyssen: Die Geschichte der Kindheit bei L. deMause. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang 1984; Friedhelm Nyssen und Ludwig Janus (Hg.): Psychogenetische Geschichte der Kindheit: Beitrage zur Psychohistorie der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung. GieBen: Psychosozial-Verlag 1998; Glenn Davis: Childhood and History in America. New York: Psychohistory Press 1976.
52 Vgl. Lloyd deMause: »On Writing Childhood History«, The Journal of Psychohistory 16 (1988): 135-170; und Lloyd deMause: »25Year Subject Index to The Journal of Psychohistory«, The Journal of Psychohistory 25 (1998): 401-406.
53 Epistle to Diognetus, in: Arnold Toynbee: The Crucible of Christianity. New York: World Publishing Co., S. 296.
54 Jan Lewis: »Mother's Love: The Construction of an Emotion in Nineteenth-Century America*, in: Peter N. Stearns und Jan Lewis (Hg.): An Emotional History of the United States. New York: New York University Press 1998, S. 52.
55 Jan Lewis: »Mother's Love: The Construction of an Emotion in Nineteenth-Century America*, in: Rima D. Apple und Janet Golden (Hg.): Mothers & Motherhood: Readings in American History. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press 1997, S. 58.
56 Vgl. Glenn Davis: Childhood and History in America. New York: Psychohistory Press 1976 uber eine Aufgliederung der Sozialisierungsform in vier Unterformen.
57 John C. Spurlock und Cynthia A. Magistro: New and Improved: The Transformation of American Women's Emotional Culture. New York: New York University Press 1998.
58 Jan Lewis: »Mother's Love: The Construction of an Emotion in Nineteenth-Century America", in: Rima D. Apple und Janet Golden (Hg.): Mothers & Motherhood: Readings in American History. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press 1998, S. 53.
59 Lloyd deMause: »The Formation of the American Personality through Psychospeciation«, in: deMause: Foundations of Psychohistory, S. 105-131.
60 Lloyd deMause: »The Role of Adaptation and Selection in Psychohistorical Evolution«, The Journal of Psychohistory 16 (1989): 365.
61 Alenka Puhar: »On Childhood Origins of Violence in Yugoslavia: II. The Zadruga«, The Journal of Psychohistory 21 (1993): 171-197.
62 Vgl. Peter Petschauer: »Intrusive to Socializing Modes: Transitions in Eighteenth-Century Germany and Twentieth-Century Italy«, The Journal of Psychohistory 14 (1987): 257-270.
63 Lloyd deMause: »The Formation of the American Personality Through Psychospeciation«, in: Lloyd deMause: Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots 1982, S. 105-128; Gert Raeithel: »Philobatism and American Culture«, The Journal of Psychohistory 6 (1979): 447-460.
64 Charles Sherrill: French Memories of Eighteenth-Century America. New York: C. Scribner's Sons 1915, S. 71.
65 Lloyd deMause: »The Role of Adaptation and Selection in Psychohistorical Evolution«, The Journal of Psychohistory 16 (1989): 365; LeRoy Ashby: Endangered Children: Dependency, Neglect, and Abuse in American History. New York: Twayne Publishers 1997, S. 8.
66 L. L. Cavalli-Sforza: »The Transition to Agriculture and Some of Its Consequences«, in: Donald J. Ortner (Hg.): How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press 1983, S. 112.
67 Luigi Luca und Francesco Cavalli-Sforza: The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1995, S. 163.
68 Lotte Danzinger und Liselotte Frankl: »Zum Problem der Funktionsreifung«, Zeitschrift fur Kinderforschung 43 (1934): 219-254; Alenka Puhar: »On Childhood Origins of Violence in Yugoslavia: II. The Zadruga«, The Journal of Psychohistory 21 (1993): 171-198; Ernestine Friedl: Vasilika: A Village in Modern Greece. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1962.
69 Ildiko Vasary: »'The Sin of Transdanubia': The One-Child System in Rural Hungary«, Continuity and Change 4 (1989): 447.
70 Ebda., S. 448.
71 Ebda., S. 435.
72 Ebda., S. 452.
73 The Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 13. April 1998, S. 18; Greg J. Duncan und Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (Hg.): Consequences of Growing Up Poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation 1998.
74 Marc Howard Ross: »Socioeconomic Complexity, Socialization, and Political Differentiation: A Cross-Cultural Study«, Ethos 9 (1981): 217-245.
75 Ronald S. Rohner: They Love Me, They Love Me Not: A Worldwide Study of the Effects of Parental Acceptance and Rejection. New Haven, CT: HRAF Press 1975, S. 157.
76 Ronald S. Rohner: The Warmth Dimension: Foundations of Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications 1986, S. 64.
77 Eleanor Hollenberg Chasdi (Hg.): Culture and Human Development: The Selected Papers of John Whiting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994, S. 100.
78 William N. Stephens: The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1963, S. 357.
79 Herbert L. Barry, III, E. Lauer und C. Marshall: »Agents and Techniques of Child Training: Cross-Cultural Codes«, Ethnology 16 (1977): 191-230.
80 Melvin Konner: Childhood. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 1991, S. 193.
81 Margaret Mead: Letters From the Field, 1925-1975. New York: Harper and Row, o. J., S. 132.
82 William Tulio Divale und Marvin Harris: »Population, Warfare, and the Male Supremacist Complex«, American Anthropologist 78 (1976): 521-538; Laila Williamson: »Infanticide: An Anthropological Analysis«, in: Marvin Kohl (Hg.): Infanticide and the Value of Life. Buffalo: Prometheus Books 1978; L. A. Malcolm: »Growth, Malnutrition and Mortality of the Infant and Toddler in the Asai Valley of the New Guinea Highlands«, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23 (1970): 1090-1095; Wulf Schiefenhovel: »Preferential Female Infanticide and Other Mechanisms Regulating Population Size Among the Eipo«, in: N. Keyfitz (Hg.): Population and Biology. Liege: Ordina 1984, S. 171.
83 Joseph B. Birdsell: An Introduction to the New Physical Anthropology. New York: Rand McNal-ly 1965, S. 97.
84 W. EUis: Polynesian Researches, Vol 1. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle Co. 1969, S. 251.
85 Gilbert Herdt: The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1987, S. 85.
86 Maria Lepowsky: Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press 1993, S. 84.
87 Marilyn Strathern: Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World: Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press 1972, S. 44; Aloys Kasprus: The Tribes of the Middle Ramu and the Upper Keran Rivers (North-East New Guinea): Studia Instituti Anthropos, Vol. 17. St. Augustin bei Bonn: Verlag des Anthropos-Instituts 1973, S. 52.
88 Shirley Lindenbaum: »Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia«, in: Gilbert H. Herdt (Hg.): Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press 1984, S. 352.
89 Bruce M. Knauft: Good Company and Violence: Sorcery and Social Action in a Lowland New Guinea Society. Berkeley: University of California Press 1985, S. 118, 407.
90 Aloys Kasprus: The Tribes of the Middle Ramu ... St. Augustin bei Bonn: Verlag des Anthro-pos-Instituts 1973, S. 61.
91 Arthur E. Hippler: »Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arn-hem Land: Part I-Early Socialization*, Journal of Psychological Anthropology 1 (1978): 230.
92 Gillian Gillison: Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1993, S. 234.
93 L. L. Langness: »Sexual Antagonism in the New Guinea Highlands«, Oceania 37 (1967): 166.
94 Wolfgang Lederer: The Fear of Women. New York: Grune & Stratton 1968, S. 65.
95 Aloys Kasprus: The Tribes of the Middle Ramu, S. 58.
96 J. Van Baal: Dema: Description and Analysis of Marind-Anim Culture [South New Guinea). The Hague: Martinus Nieshoff 1966, S. 746; Geza Roheim: »The Western Tribes of Central Australia: Childhood«, in: Warner Muensterberger und Sidney Axelrad (Hg.): The Psychoanalytic Study of Society: Vol. II. New York: International Universities Press 1962, S. 199-200.
97 Geza Roheim: Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press 1950, S. 60-62.
98 Ebda., S. 150.
99 Ebda., S. 63.
100 Ebda., S. 60.
101 Lloyd deMause: Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots 1982, S. 274.
102 Robert A. Paul: »Review of Lloyd deMause's Foundations of Psychohistory«, The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 5 (1982): 469.
103 Shirley Lindenbaum: Kuru Sorcery: Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands. Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing Co. 1979, S. 20.
104 Fitz John Porter Poole: »Cannibals, Tricksters, and Witches: Anthropophagic Images Among Binim-Kuskusmin«, in: Paula Brown und Donald Tuzin (Hg.): The Ethnography of Cannibalism. Washington, DC: Society for Psychological Anthropology 1983, S. 13.
105 Harry Guntrip: Schizoid Phenomena, Object-Relations and the Self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press 1968.
106 Claude Levi-Strauss: The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston: Beacon Press 1969, S. 41.
107 James L. Peacock und A. Thomas Kirsch: The Human Direction: An Evolutionary Approach to Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1970, S. 100.
108 Clelland S. Ford und Frank A. Beach: Patterns of Sexual Behavior. New York: Harper & Row 1951, S. 119.
109 Given J. Broude: Growing Up: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO 1995, S. 303.
110 William H. Davenport: »Aduh>Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective^ in: William O'Donohue und James H. Geer (Hg.): The Sexual Abuse of Children: Theory and Research. Vol. I. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1992, S. 75.
111 Claudia Konker: »Rethinking Child Sexual Abuse: An Anthropological Perspective^ American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62 (1992): 148.
112 Jill E. Korbin: »Child Sexual Abuse: Implications from the Cross-Cultural Record«, in: Nancy Sheper-Hughes: Child Survival: Anthropological Perspectives on the Treatment and Maltreatment of Children. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co. 1987, S. 251.
113 Lloyd deMause: »The Universality of Incest«, The Journal of Psychohistory 19 (1991): 123-164.
114 Gillian Gillison: Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1993, S. 176.
115 Ronald M. Berndt: Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1962, S. 91.
116 Gillian Gillison: Between Culture and Fantasy, S. 176.
117 Fitz John Porter Poole: »Coming into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Bimin-Kuskus-min Folk Psychology«, in: Geoffrey M. White und John Kirkpatrick (Hg.): Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press 1985, S. 232.
118 Geza Roheim: Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International University Press 1950; Geza Roheim: »The Western Tribes of Central Australia: The Alknarintja«, in: Warner Muensterberger und Sidney Axelrad (Hg.): The Psychoanalytic Study of Society, Vol. III. New York: International Universities Press 1964, S. 194, 231.
119 Geza Roheim: »The Western Tribes of Central Australian S. 236.
120 Lia Leibowitz: Females, Males, Families: A Biosocial Approach. North Scituate, MA: Duxbu-ry Press 1978, S. 135.
121 Robert C. Suggs: Marquesan Sexual Behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World 1966, S. 42.
122 Milton Diamond: »Selected Cross-Generational Sexual Behavior in Traditional Hawaii: A Se-xological Ethnography«, in: Jay R. Feierman (Hg.): Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer 1990, S. 430.
123 Ebda., S. 431.
124 Herman Heinrich Ploss: Das Weib in der Natur- und Volkerkunde: Anthropologische Studien. II. Band 1. Leipzig: Th. Grieben's 1887, S. 144.
125 Herman Heinrich Ploss, Max Bartels und Paul Bartels: Femina Libido Sexualis: Compendium of the Psychology, Anthropology and Anatomy of the Sexual Characteristics of the Woman. New York: The Medical Press 1965, S. 140; Robert C. Suggs: Marquesan Sexual Behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World 1966, S. 177.
126 Niko Besnier: »Polynesian Gender Liminality Through Time and Space«, in: Gilbert Herdt (Hg.): Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York: Zone Books 1996, S. 290.
127 Gilbert Herdt und Robert J. Stoller: Intimate Communications: Erotics and the Study of Culture. New York: Columbia University Press 1990, S. 139, 274.
128 L. L. Langness: »Oedipus in the New Guinea Highlands?«, Ethos 18 (1990): 395.
129 Ebda., S. 399.
130 Geza Roheim: Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, S. 160.
131 Fitz John Porter Poole: »Folk Models of Eroticism in Mothers and Sons: Aspects of Sexuality Among Bimin-Kuskusmin«, Vortrag beim »Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association 1983; »Cultural Images of Women as Mothers: Motherhood Among the Bi-min-Kuskusmin of Papua New Guinea«, Social Analysis 15 (1984): 73-93; »Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology«, in: G. M. White und J. Kirkpatrick (Hg.): Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press 1985, S. 183-242; »The Ritual Forging of Identity: Aspects of Person and Self in Bimin-Kuskusmin Male Initiation^ in: Gilbert H. Herdt (Hg.): Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press 1982, S. 99-154; »Personal Experience and Cultural Representation in Children's >Personal Symbols< Among Bimin-Kuskusmin«, Ethos 15 (1987): 104-132; »Images of an Unborn Sibling: The Psychocultural Shaping of a Child's Fantasy Among the Bimin-Kuskusmin of Papua New Guinea«, in: L. Bryce Boyer und Simon A. Grolnick (Hg.): The Psychoanalytic Study of Society, Vol. 15. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press 1990, S. 105-175.
132 Poole: »Cultural Images«, S. 87.
133 Poole: »Images of an Unborn Siblings S. 127, 106.
134 Poole: »Personal Experience^ S. 115.
135 Ebda., S. 118.
136 Poole: »Images of an Unborn Sibling«, S. 159.
137 Ebda., S. 137.
138 Ebda., S. 137, 159.
139 Stanley J. Coen: »Sexualization as a Predominant Mode of Defense«, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 29 (1981): 909.
140 Charles W. Socarides: The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, CT: International Universities Press 1988, S. 93.
141 Robert B. Edgerton: Sick Societies: Challenging the Myth of Primitive Harmony. New York: The Free Press 1992, S. 56.
142 L. L. Langness: »Oedipus in the New Guinea Highlands?«, Ethos 18 (1990): 390.
143 Maria Lepowsky: Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press 1993, S. 90.
144 John W. M. Whiting: Becoming a Kwoma: Teaching and Learning in a New Guinea Tribe. New Haven: Yale University Press 1941, S. 25.
145 H. Ian Hogbin: »A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning in Wogeo«, Oceana 13 (1943): 295.
146 Ebda.
147 Ebda., S. 298-301.
148 L. Bryce Boyer: »On Man's Need to Have Enemies: A Psychoanalytic Perspective^ The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 9 (1986): 109.
149 Thomas S. Weisner: »Socialization for Parenthood in Sibling Caretaking Societies«, in: Jane B. Lancaster et al. (Hg.): Parenting Across the Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Al-dine De Gruyter 1987, S. 248.
150 Arthur E. Hippler: »Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arn-hem Land: Part I-Early Socialization*, Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 1 (1978): 234.
151 Michael Cole: Cultural Psychology: A Once and Future Discipline. Cambridge: Belknap Press 1996, S. 205.
152 Annette Hamilton: Nature and Nurture: Aboriginal Child-Rearing in North-Central Arnhem Land. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies 1981, S. 40.
153 Ebda., S. 32.
154 Carol L. Jenkins, Alison K. Orr-Ewing und Peter F. Heywood: »Cultural Aspects of Early Childhood Growth and Nutrition Among the Amele of Lowland Papua New Guinea«, in: Leslie B. Marshall (Hg.): Infant Care and Feeding in the South Pacific. New York: Gordon and Breach 1985, S. 29.
155 Paula Brown: Highland Peoples of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1978, S. 64; Katherine A. Dettwyler: »Styles of Infant Feeding: Parental-Caretaker Control of Food Consumption in Young Children«, American Anthropologist 91 (1989): 700.
156 Carol L. Jenkins et al: »Cultural Aspects of Early Childhood Growth«, S. 34-35, 47.
157 Maria A. Lepowsky: »Food Taboos, Malaria and Dietary Change: Infant Feeding and Cultural Adaptation on a Papua New Guinea Island«, in: Leslie B. MarshaU (Hg.): Infant Care and Feeding in the South Pacific. New York: Gordon and Breach 1985, S. 70.
158 Arthur Hippler: »Culture and Personality«, S. 236.
159 Brigit Obrist van Eeuwijk: Small But Strong: Cultural Contexts of (Mal-)Nutrition Among the Northern Kwanga {East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea). Basel: Wepf & Co. 1992, S. 200.
160 Ebda., S. 13.
161 Patricia K. Townsend: The Situation of Children in Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby: Papua New Guinea Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research 1985, S. 17, 43.
162 Margaret Mead: Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: William Morrow 1930, S. 49.
163 Ann Chowning: »Child Rearing and Socialization*, in: Ian Hogbin: Anthropology in Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press 1973, S. 65; Jane C. Goodale: To Sing with Pigs Is Human: the Concept of Person in Papua New Guinea. Seattle: University of Washington Press 1995, S. 80.
164 James B. Watson und Virginia Watson: Batanabura of New Guinea. New Haven: HRAF 1972, S. 30, 534.
165 Arthur Hippler: »Culture and Personality«, S. 229; Ian Hogbin: »A New Guinea Childhood from Conception to the Eighth Year«, in: L. L. Langness und John C. Weschler (Hg.): Melanesia: Readings on a Culture Area. Scranton: Chandler Publishing Co. 1971, S. 201, 212; Alo-me Kyakas und Polly Wiessner: From Inside the Women's House: Enga Women's Lives and Traditions. Buranda: Robert Brom and Associates 1992, S. 17.
166 L. L. Langness: »Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea«, in: Jill E. Kor-bin (Hg.): Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press 1981, S. 26-27.
167 Ebda., S. 23.
168 James J. McKenna: »Parental Supplements and Surrogates Among Primates: Cross-Species and Cross-Cultural Comparisons«, in: Jane B. Lancaster et al. (Hg.): Parenting Across the Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Aldine DeGruyter 1987, S. 143-181.
169 Sarah Blaffer Hrdy: The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1981, S. 98.
170 Vgl. Ergebnisse in Kap. 8.
171 C. Owen Lovejoy: »The Origin of Man«, Science 211 (1981): 341-350.
172 Anthony Walsh: Biosociology: An Emerging Paradigm. Westport, CT: Praeger 1995, S. 203.
173 Gilbert H. Herdt: »Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Initiation" in: Herdt (Hg.): Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press 1982, S.71.
174 Marilyn Strathern: Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World: Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press 1972, S. 173.
175 Ebda., S. 172.
176 Fitz John Porter Poole: »Coming into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Bimin-Kus-kusmin Folk Psychology^ in: Geoffrey M. White und John Kirkpatrick (Hg.): Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press 1985, S. 195.
177 J. Patrick Gray: »Growing Yams and Men: An Interpretation of Kimam Male Ritualized Homosexual Behavior«, in: Evelyn Blackwood (Hg.): Anthropology and Homosexual Behavior. New York: Hayworth Press 1986, S. 61.
178 Fitz John Porter Poole: »The Ritual Forging of Identity: Aspects of Person and Self in Bi-min-Kuskusmin Male Initiation«, in: Gilbert H. Herdt (Hg.): Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press 1982, S. 120-121.
179 Theodore Lidz und Ruth Silmanns Lidz: Oedipus in the Stone Age: A Psychoanalytic Study of Masculinization in Papua New Guinea. Madison, CT: International Universities Press 1989, S. 52, 91.
180 Ronald M. Berndt: Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1962, S. 94.
181 Ebda., S. 58.
182 Theodor Reik: Ritual: Psycho-Analytic Studies. New York: International Universities Press 1946, S. 106.
183 Michio Kitahara: »A Cross-Cultural Test of the Freudian Theory of Circumcision«, International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 5 (1976): 535-546.
184 Rosalind Miles: The Women's History of the World. Topsfield, MA: Salem House 1988, S. 38.
185 Geza Roheim: Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press 1950, S. 117.
186 Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg: »Pederasty Among Primitives: Institutionalized Initiation and Cultic Prostitution*, Journal of Homosexuality 20 (1990): 19.
187 Ebda., S. 18.
188 Ebda.
189 L. L. Langness: »Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea«, in: Jill Korbin (Hg.): Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press 1981, S. 16-17.
190 Ebda, S. 29.
191 Simon Harrison: Violence, Ritual and the Self in Melanesia. Manchester: Manchester University Press 1993, S. 27.
192 Ebda., S. 88.
193 Ebda., S. 131.
194 Gilbert H. Herdt: Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company 1981, S. 351.
195 Jeanne Hill: »Believing Rachek, The Journal of Psychohistory 24 (1996): 131-146; Michael Newton: »Written in Blood: A History of Human Sacrifices The Journal of Psychohistory 24 (1996): 104-131.
196 Margaret Mead: Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow 1963, S. 242.
197 Fitz John Porter Poole: »Cannibals, Tricksters, and Witches: Anthropophagic Images Among Bimin-Kuskusmin« und Gillian Gillison: »Cannibalism Among Women in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea«, in: Paula Brown und Donald Tuzin (Hg.): The Ethnography of Cannibalism. Washington, DC: Society for Psychological Anthropology 1983, S. 1-50.
198 Ronald M. Berndt: Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1962, S. 283.
199 Ana S. Meigs: Food, Sex, and Pollution, S. 110.
200 Gillian Gillison: Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1993, S. 72.
201 D. K. Feil: The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1987; Shirley Lindenbaum: »Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia*, in: Gilbert H. Herdt (Hg.): Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press 1984, S. 337-360; Bruce M. Knauft: South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993 (zahlt nicht al-le Siidkustengemeinschaften zu den »Big-Men«-Klassifikationen).
202 D. K. Feil: The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies, S. 210.
203 Amy L. Richman et al.: »Maternal Behavior to Infants in Five Cultures«, in: Robert L. LeVine, Patricia M. Miller, Mary Maxwell West (Hg.): Parental Behavior in Diverse Societies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 1988, S. 86.
204 Shirley Lindenbaum: »Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia«, in: Gilbert H. Herdt (Hg.): Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press 1984, S. 340.
205 D. K. Feil: The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies, S. 175.
206 Ebda., S. 231.
207 Ebda., S. 72.
208 Bruce M. Knauft: South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993, S. 120 (versucht erfolglos, das »Big-Men«-Konzept zu »entthronen", wenngleich auch die Anzahl der Gruppen mit tatsachlich ausgewachsenen »Big Men" durch seine Arbeit zuriickgegangen ist).
209 Andrew S. Vayda: War in Ecological Perspective: Persistence, Change, and Adaptive Processes in Three Oceanian Societies. New York: Plenum Press 1976, S. 14; Bruce M. Knauft: »Mela-nesian Warfare: A Theoretical History«, Oceania 60 (1990): 250-311 (versucht, Feils Behaup-tungen zu widerlegen, dass die Kriegsfuhrung im westlichen Hochland »zuruckhaltender" ware; dieser Widerspruch bezieht sich jedoch nur darauf, dass iiberall im Westen weniger Ge-walt notwendig ist).
210 D. K. Feil: The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1987, S. 16.
211 Jared Diamond: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 1997, S. 147.
212 Ebda., S. 148.
213 Ebda., S. 306-307.
214 Ebda., S. 408.
215 Ward H. Goodenough (Hg.): Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1996; J. Peter White und James F. O'Connell: A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul. New York: Academic Press 1982.
216 James Woodburn: »Hunters and Gatherers Today and Reconstruction of the Past«, in: Ernest Gellner (Hg.): Soviet and Western Anthropology. London: Duckworth 1980, S. 109.
217 Newsweek, 27. September 1999, S. 54.
218 Hans W Hoek et al.: »Schizoid Personality Disorder After Prenatal Exposure to Famine«, American Journal of Psychiatry 153 (1996): 1637-1639.
219 The New York Times, 28. Mai 1996, S. CI.
220 Roy Brunton: »Why Do Trobriands Have Chiefs?«, Man 10 (1975): 144.
221 Robert Blust: »Austronesian Culture History: The Window of Languages In: Ernest Gellner (Hg.): Soviet and Western Anthropology. London: Duckworth 1980, S. 28-35.
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